Essay Comparing Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki

Beowulf and The Saga of force Hrolf Kraki There are so many similarities amid the hero of the poem Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki, an Iceland saga representing 1000 years of oral traditions prior to the 1300s when it was written, that these similarities cannot be attributed solely to coincidence. The Cambridge History of position and American Literature states that the hero of the poem, Beowulf himself, may be the analogous person as Bodvar Biarki, the chief of Hrolfr Krakis knights (v1, ch3, s3, n13). George Clark in The Hero and the Theme mentions The form of Beowulf taken as a whole suggests both the Bears Son folktale type (especially as we find it in Scandinavia) and the combat myth. . . . (286). In The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki, Bodvar is the grandson of a king (Hring) in Beowulf the hero is the grandson of a king (Hrethel). Bodvars father has been expelled from his country, Gautland Beowulfs father Ecgtheow has been expelled from Geatland. Bodvars father is dea d Beowulfs father is dead (Hrothgar says,his father, now dead, was named Ecgtheow) (373). Bodvar as a boy was so strong that he was not permitted to take part in the kings games past the age of twelve because he injured similarly many of his opponents Beowulf as a young man was so strong that he was the strongest of all living men (196). Bodvar was huge Beowulf was noble and huge (198). Bodvar was much noble than the people around him Beowulf refused to accept the kingship from Queen Hygd upon Hygelacs death, risked his life various times for the benefit of others, put his own welfare last instead of first, and distributed his wealth generously when it was warranted. Though Beowulf is careful to collect his winnings, ... ...en and the gentlest, the kindest to his people (3181). The Iceland saga, The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki, written in the 1300s, represents about 1000 years of oral traditions. The remarkable similarities between this sagas main character and Beowulfs main char acter are just too astounding to dismiss as mere coincidences. BIBLIOGRAPHY Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. sassy York Anchor Books, 1977. Clark, Gorge. The Hero and the Theme. In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997. The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki, translated by Jesse L. Byock. New York Penguin Books, 1998. Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000

Essay --

Aaron LeePeriod 2AP Literature and CompositionQuestion 3 Essay withdraw remember the Fifth of November the Gunpowder Treason and plot. I know of no reason why the Gunpowder Treason should ever be forgot. This quote from the story V for Vendetta is based a dystopian story based in London, and the author wants the readers to know that there is an issue that needs to be quick-frozen or else it will end the world in turmoil. Yet another writer who successfully wrote a dystopian novel to warn humanity of is George Orwell, in his book 1984. Orwell warns his readers of the dangers of totalitarianism and that if we allow the government to interfere and take over our lives we will live in a dystopian where people cannot think for themselves. The dystopian world that Orwell creates through imagery, irony and satire, warns that totalitarianism may briefly exist in the United States. Orwells dystopian world in 1984 shows the possibility of a terrifying future of the real world if it succumbs to totalitarianism. 1984 was written during the Cold War, a time of major tension and crisis between two super powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and the setting from 1984 displayed that the threat was real. The book was written to show that the government could take control of our lives and become manage Big Brother who always follows your any moves, controls every action, and brainwashes you that the Big Brother is good. George Orwell was warning against the actions the government was taking during the early Cold War Era. The imagery Orwell uses is clear when he describes Oceania under a totalitarian regime, the face lift is broken and always has been, there arent any colors in the city, it is an unpleasant world to live ... ...people, further Orwell is warning us of this lie. Maybe Orwell wants us to be vigilant and possibly question our departments of our government? Further Orwell uses irony and satire in 1984 is Nothing is your own except the fe w cubic centimetres at bottom your skull. Here Orwell uses satire to emphasize and exaggerate that under a totalitarian government people own nothing and cant do anything at their own will, no one can think for themselves because its a crime. Through 1984, Orwell warns his readers and audience of the possible totalitarianism that may evolve into the government like the dystopian world, Oceania. Through his use of imagery, irony, and satire, George Orwell successfully demonstrates his fear of a world under a totalitarian government and warns his readers through his rhetorical techniques that it may soon occur in the United States.

A Dad’s Guide to Bonding with a Breastfeeding Baby Essay -- parenting,

For me, becoming a dad for the first time was an amazing experience. Nine months of planning, anxiety, and excitement reached its climax during labor and delivery. The next thing I knew, I was holding a beautiful, mini human being I helped create. As I was sitting there, high on parental euphoria, I felt care theres nothing in the world that could ruin such a perfect moment until the moment was quickly shattered by the bollocks ups piercing hunger cry. If a baby is breastfeeding, it forget probably be mom - not dad - who will swoops in to save the day.As a new father, you may struggle to find your place in the life of your young if your baby is breastfeeding exclusively. Much of an infants time is dedicated to sleeping and eating.1 For a breastfeeding baby, it is the mother who is the primary source of nourishment. This can be a frustrating and isolating experience for dads. It can sometimes lead to the perception that fatherhood does not play a key role during the early stages o f development - a perception which couldnt be farther from the truth. at that place are numerous slipway that men can make unique and meaningful contacts with their babies.Creating a RoutineDid you know that routines - especially bed time routines - can help your baby?23 There are a many facets of daily care which dads can use to create opportunities for bonding. Give mom a break and establish a fewer things you can do with your baby regularly. Some ideas bathing dressing diaper changesWhile you are doing these things, you can also talk and sing to your baby. Your child will begin to associate these activities with you. As a result, you will be identified as someone who they can look to for care and it will deepen your connection with your ... ...cialists of Indiana - ITSI Research Briefs Effects of shared parent-infant book reading on early language acquisition, 2007 6. Skin to Skin Contact is also know as SCC. 7. Sturdy Memorial Hospital The Comfort of Contact, 2014 8. OB.Gyn.News Early skin-to-skin contact promotes breastfeeding, benefits baby, 2013 9. WebMD.com Skin-to-skin care with the father after cesarean birth and its effect on newborn crying and prefeeding behavior., 2014 10. Fathers can effectively achieve heat conservation in healthy newborn infants., 1996 11. The International Childbirth Education Association (ICEA) ICEA Position makeup Skin-to-Skin Contact, 2014 12. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NINDS Shaken Baby Syndrome Information Page, 2014 13. Centers for Disease Control Fathers Involvement With Their Children United States, 20062010, 2013

In Our Time :: essays research papers

The Nick Adams stories were my favorite of the collection because I got to know Nick through the reading. I started to go out Nick and I could anticipate the actions and feelings that he was feeling. I am not sure if this is because I became familiar with Nick or because I have through many of the things Nick has done and was able to understand what he was doing."Big Two-Hearted River Part I and II" were the most enjoyable short stories of the ones I read. The language that Hemingway uses is ideally suited for describing Nicks activities by the river. Hemingways simple significative sentences are all that is needed to convey the wonderful scene of Nick struggling with his pack, setting up his tent, and cooking his food. I have also done all the things that Nick was doing by the river and I was able to understand his satisfaction at pulling up a sound tent. Little sentences like "He was careful not to let the hook bite into his finger" convey so much meaning to anyo ne who has ever tried to tighten a search hook on a line that you can only help but nod your head in agreement.I must admit that despite not being at the center of your course I could not help but think of how much Hemingways content was influenced by his life. Many of the stories like "The stretch and the Doctors Wife" were based directly on personal experiences of Hemingways life. Since it is not the focus of your course, I am trying to just accepted the content and concentrate to a greater extent on writing style and the way Hemingway writes something. I have found it difficult to pay close attention to both the story and the writing at the same time and have had to reread several times.

Examining Historical Document of the Pinkerton National Detective Agenc

Butch Cassidy and his gang of outlaws have had a profound doing on America during the belatedly 1800s. Because of this infamous Wild Bunch, the famous Pinkerton National Detective Agency produced many wanted ads for these criminals. One of these timeless works was make by the Pinkerton Agency and ended up in the hands of my colleges library. This piece of historical literature dates back to about hundred years ago which has descriptions of all(prenominal) of Butch Cassidy and others who rode with him on his adventurous, risk taking journeys around the country. This antique piece of paper is very significant for its time period and is in mum decent shape. Other than some tears around the corners, you can put away read the entire page without a problem. This document has aged well, but still has changed its color to a brownish-beige. It as well as looks as if it was in either a book or a newspaper made to notify Americans of the crazed outlaws on the loose. A printing press was u sed to make this notification for the Pinkerton Agency, which was an astounding invention of its time to speed up the process of getting newspapers out to the public. To get across down the famed Wild Bunch, the Pinkertons set this document with detailed descriptions of each outlaw with their picture and found underneath it. This particular antique was produced on opera House Block in Denver Colorado. With the Pinkertons report, this helped catch some of the most vicious outlaws of their time. There were many men in the gang that terrorized the western sandwich frontier, but the most notorious six were named and described on the document. George Parker, Harry Longbaugh, Camilla Hanks, Harvey Logan, Ben Page 2Kilpatrick, and William Carver were all mentioned with their... ...y stole $97.00. Another important name mentioned was Ben Kilpatrick who was a native Texan, but eventually Page 5left home and ventured into Wyoming and Utah. This is where he met Elzy Lay, who was a good fr iend of Butch Cassidy. Lastly, was William Carver who was also a native Texan who went by the name B.L. Carver. He began his life working on a ranch as a cowboy, but shortly turned to the malicious ways of Butch Cassidy. He met Butch Cassidy while at a hideout called the Robbers Roost in Utah and rode with them until his death in 1901. In conclusion, this reckless group of men were constantly a focal point of their capture by the famous Pinkerton National Detective Agency during the late 18th century. With this piece of profound literature, we know a little more about our past and what it was like for these men during the time of the old wild west.

Examining Historical Document of the Pinkerton National Detective Agenc

Butch Cassidy and his gang of outlaws have had a profound effect on the States during the late 1800s. Because of this infamous Wild Bunch, the famous Pinkerton National Detective performance produced many wanted ads for these criminals. One of these timeless works was made by the Pinkerton Agency and ended up in the hands of my colleges library. This humankind of historical literature dates back to about hundred years ago which has descriptions of each of Butch Cassidy and others who rode with him on his adventurous, risk taking journeys around the country. This antique piece of paper is very significant for its time period and is in still decent shape. other(a) than some tears around the corners, you can still read the entire page without a problem. This document has aged well, but still has changed its color to a brownish-beige. It also looks as if it was in either a book or a newspaper made to notify Americans of the crazed outlaws on the loose. A belief press was used to make this notification for the Pinkerton Agency, which was an astounding invention of its time to speed up the process of getting newspapers out to the public. To track down the noted Wild Bunch, the Pinkertons set this document with detailed descriptions of each outlaw with their picture and name underneath it. This particular antique was produced on Opera House finish in Denver Colorado. With the Pinkertons report, this helped catch some of the intimately vicious outlaws of their time. There were many men in the gang that terrorized the western frontier, but the most notorious six were named and described on the document. George Parker, Harry Longbaugh, Camilla Hanks, Harvey Logan, Ben Page 2Kilpatrick, and William Carver were all mentioned with their... ...y stole $97.00. Another important name mentioned was Ben Kilpatrick who was a domestic Texan, but eventually Page 5left home and ventured into Wyoming and Utah. This is where he met Elzy Lay, who was a good friend of Butch Ca ssidy. Lastly, was William Carver who was also a aborigine Texan who went by the name B.L. Carver. He began his life working on a ranch as a cowboy, but soon turned to the catty ways of Butch Cassidy. He met Butch Cassidy while at a hideout called the Robbers Roost in Utah and rode with them until his death in 1901. In conclusion, this unheeding group of men were constantly a focal point of their capture by the famous Pinkerton National Detective Agency during the late 18th century. With this piece of profound literature, we know a little more about our past and what it was like for these men during the time of the old wild west.

New Faces for Mars

deflower often referred to as the Red Planet, has long been a subject of captivation speculation about the existence of Martians was widespread early in the twentieth century for example, issues of Scientific American in 1920 described possible communication with deflower using search lights and giant mirrors to reflect sunlight (Greeley 115). According to Greeley (2001), other proposals for communicating including digging huge trenches in the form of mathematical symbols in the Sahara ravage these trenches were to be filled with kerosene and signal aflame to signal mar. Based on Greeley (2001), although these ideas were never carried out, they reflected intense public interest in Mars.Telescopic observations of Mars began in the late nineteenth century and provided fuel for speculation about the nature of Mars. Space exploration of mars was initiated with the Mariner flyby in 1965 although it took only 22 close-up pictures covering a tiny fraction of the surface and showed the p resence of a lunar like craters (Greeley 115). According to Greeley (2001), the geologic diversity of Mars was finally revealed by the Mariner 9 spacecraft. The Viking mission was the most complicated unmanned mission flown in the solar system according to Greeley consisting of two orbiters and two landers. And in 1997, Mars Pathfinder landed and exceeded information for a third site on Mars these missions have set the stage for more complex future missions including the return of samples to earth.It has been find before that more craters are older with some around 19 km across. Volcanism is also fascinating on Mars, which is said to have lava stream but Im not sure if this was really true. It is also said that the Red Planet has no plate tectonics and its outer mould doesnt move horizontally, only its outer layer moves vertically.As for Mars other features, it is said that weathering and erosion are observed with dominated dust storms spherical dust storms and sand dunes. It has also been said that there has been past flowing water before but this argument hasnt been verified yet.As for the aliens wearing helmet, I doubt it because as of now there hasnt been any findings of its existence. Maybe this might be true if water will be discovered in Mars.Due to advance research and technologies, I think that as time passes by, more and more findings could be discovered. If before, images are vague and cannot be high-minded easily, today, more and more sophisticated tools are being used to capture Mars images.Now, Mars tectonic features are more detailed compared before. It has also been plunge out that Mars volcanism is widespread and more diverse and young.Despite a virtual generation of studies based on newly devised technologies of space, Mars ashes something of an enigma to man fly-by, orbiting and landing missions by increasingly sophisticated space probes have revealed more about the Red planet in the last 30 years that had been gleaned in all prev ious centuries, but there are still many mysteries to be solved (Kargel ix).According to Kargel (2004), they range from the question of where Phobos and Deimos, the little Martian Satellites, came from whereabouts of water which once sculptured much of the planets surface these many more questions will only be answered after years, possibly decades, of effort and because the planet and its satellites preserve much of the ancient history of the solar system, they are important questions of science.Works CitedKargel, J. S. Mars A Warmer, Wetter Planet. New York impost Publishing 2004.Greeley, R. & Batson, R. The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System. New York Cambridge University Press, 2001.

What Influences Free Clinic Usage by the Uninsured

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Mw Transmission Basics

Microwave Transmission basics Microwave Transmission fundamentals Table of Contents MW Advantages MW absolute frequency bands MW Link elements antenna radiation therapy Pattern MW Alarms Microwave Transmission basics Features Advantages ? Rapid Deployment A microwave link provoke be placeed in as little as iodin day No right-of-way issues Radio spans all obstacles such as roads, railways, etc. , avoiding any requirement to seek permissions that inevitably be costly and introduce conviction delays. Flexibility The capacity of a microwave link can be easily increased at minimal or even no cost.Radios can also be redeployed if network needs change or as a result of customer churn. Losing customers does not mean assets are lost manage in the case of fiber build. ? ? Microwave Transmission Basics Features Advantages Easily crosses city terrain In many metropolitan and city authorities, street digging to install fiber is either extremely restricted, prohibitively expe nsive or is even banned outright. Operator-owned infrastructure no reliance on competitors. Low start-up capital costs, which are independent of the link distance.Minimal recurring operational costs. Radio infrastructure already exists for many networks in the form of rooftops, cellular masts and existing radio infection towers. Microwave radio is not susceptible to common catastrophic failure of cable systems caused by cable cuts, and can be repaired in minutes sort of of hours or days. Limitations Transmission Capacity Limits (i. e. PDH, STM-1) Competitive Transmission Media Optical Fiber (i. e. STM-1 up to STM-N) Microwave Transmission Basics Common M/W Frequency curings According to ITU-R recommendations ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 gigahertz 8 GHz 11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 28 GHz 38 GHz Note Hop distance is depending on frequency. High frequency coincides with shorter transmission hop distance. Systems on 23 38 GHz are prone to rain attenuation. Microwave Transmission Basics M/W Channel Arrangement Lower Band F0 Upper Band F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 RF channel arrangement acc. ITU-R Microwave Transmission Basics Table of Contents M/W Link Elements? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? IDU ODU antenna Functions Specifications Types Pressurization EquipmentsMicrowave Transmission Basics Elements of a MW link Antenna ODU Free Space Antenna ODU IDU IF argumentation IF cable television service IDU Microwave Transmission Basics Spur Link (Low Capacity Link) 7 38GHz Systems, generally used for PDH Spur Links Outdoor Unit (ODU, consists of RF-transmitter and antenna) IF-interconnection cable Indoor Unit (IDU) ? ? ? ? IDU Functions Multiplexing /Demulteplexing of Tributaries. Modulation/Demodulation with the Carrier. IF conversion. Microwave Transmission Basics IDU BLOCK plot Power Supply 155MbpsMain Channel MUX/ DEMUX Modulator IF Card Cable Combi-ner 2 Mbps Wayside Channel 64 Kbps User Channel Demodulator Coax Cable NMS/Ethernet External Alarms IDU Controller Mic rowave Transmission Basics ODU BLOCK DIAGRAM Power Supply AGC Voltage Reading 350MHz TX Converter 3-4GHz Coax Cable AGC Cable Combiner X Band Synthesizer RX Converter Trans receiver Converter Amplifier 140 MHz 3-4GHz IDU Controller Microwave Transmission Basics ? Antenna Functions Works as an amplifier to overcome the fade margin and give desired AGC levels.Antennas Wire carrying HF Current is surrounded by Electric and Magnetic Fields Voltage stand up Wave radiation 2 Microwave Transmission Basics ? Antennas Voltage Standing Wave radiation Microwave Transmission Main Specification Basics Antenna Radiation Pattern Omni Antenna Lobe Point-to-Multipoint Directional Antenna Lobe Point-to-Point Microwave Transmission Basics Antenna Gain Directive Gain ? Power compactness radiated by antenna ? Power Density Radiated by Isotropic Antenna ? ? ? * Power Density measured at same distance * Both Antenna radiate radiate the same total power Bandwidth Operating Frequency bands Possible t o tune antenna for slightly different frequency range man retaining the same characteristics VSWR Is the Guaranteed peak Voltage Standing wave ratio within the operating band Microwave Transmission Basics Antenna Specifications Gain give tongue to in dBi( Decibels over an isotropic radiator). Primirarly a function of antenna size ? Front to back Ratio In dB. Denotes highest radiation relative to main slam at 180+/-40 degree across the band. ? Half Power Beam Width Nominal total width of the main beam at -3dB points ?polarisation Can be single or dual polarised ? ? ? Isolation For Dual polarised antennas. Refers to isolation between each polarised beam Microwave Transmission Basics Antenna polarization ? Two main Types of Polarization ? Vertical Polarization ? Horizontal Polarization Microwave Transmission Basics Antenna Polarization Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization Gridpak Low Back Lobe Focal Plane High Performance Dual Beam Angle Diversity Microwave Transmission B asics Antenna Feeder Types Air Dielectric Antenna Cables require Pressurization when used outdoors

Difference between public limited company and private limited company Essay

Executive SummaryTeds Corporate Services is the contrast run by Ted. He is a sole trader. He wants to convert his business from sole trader to follow to take the benefit of contain financial obligation and other benefits as well. He wants advice for work outing a confederation which is the about appropriate for him. Proprietary fraternity boundless by shargons dandy, man friendship untrammelled by shares capital, commonplace telephoner trammel by guarantee and human beings caller-out with no liability are the companies which are non appropriate for Ted. As, the companies impart limitless liabilities which Ted do not want to establish and besides no liability company is d champion for mining purpose only. Whereby, proprietorship company throttle by shares and public company bound by shares are the companies which shtup be set up by Ted. If company can easily get gigantic capital, have good ability to borrow money from public, possibly list on stock exchange therefore Ted can form the public company limited by shares. Whereas, sm entirely business like Ted are unlikely to meet these abilities and want to convert to company. So, the almost appropriate type of company Ted could form is proprietary company limited by shares. This can also be converted to public company limited by shares in the future if Ted wants to poke out his company.1. Introduction order is defined as a lawful entity which is allowed by legislation and permits a group of people to apply to the government for an independent establishment as shareh grayers who can then target on pursuing objectives, and empowered with effective rights (Modern caller-up Law 1997). Advantages of company are it is a separate legal entity it can sue and can be sued by others, protection of assets and so on whereas complex legal formalities, to a greater extent paperwork, costly to run and establish are some of the disadvantages of company (The Advice Spot 2010). The purpose of writing t his report is to advice Ted about forming the company. Also, advising him about the most appropriate type of company which he can form.2. border of registering a companyCertain have a bun in the ovenments should be followed to register a company. First of all, a person must lodge an application with Australian Securities and Investment care (ASIC) using the prescribed form s117 Corporation Act (CA) 2001. Section 117(2) (CA) states that the application must state specified information such as the type of company, the companys name, names and addresses of persons consenting to be members, the address of the company and so on. (Lipton, Herzberg 2001) If the company wants to follow its own time table then it should also be mentioned by the public company in the application. The flake of shares, class of shares, amount the member is ready to pay, and amount paid fully or partly should all be mentioned by the company limited by shares or countless company on the application. Also, if the public company wants to have a constitution on the registration, then a copy of the constitution must be lodged but its compulsory for the public company with no liability. The application must be in the advised form. Also, the company must have the consents and agreements. (Lipton, Herzberg 2001)After, the requirements are done successfully, ASIC leave issue a certificate of registration and an Australian company number and it also will have the power according to S124 (1) (CA). S119 (CA) states that company comes into existence on the day it is registered with the specific name in its certificate of registration (Lipton, Herzberg 2001). This promoter that the company is a separate legal entity now. It is separate from people who run and manage the company. 3. Could Ted perform the work of registering the company? Anyone who is above 18 years old can form the company. Additionally, the person should not have any cases of bankrupts and also any offences related to misconduct or fraudulent activities relating to company. (Finance 2007) This shows that Ted can perform the process of registering the company. Also, its better for Ted to consult a lawyer if he has committed a breach of corporate law before setting up the company, for instance, as a director.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of each type of company.The company is divided into two parts, i.e. Proprietary company and Public company which is discussed below.4.1 Proprietary CompanyProprietary company is a company where the fund is raised by issuing shares to known people such as friends, employees and relatives. In this type of company, there should be at least one director who is resident of Australia, not more(prenominal) than 50 non-employees shareholders and minimum 1 member s114 (CA). Also, S148 (CA) states that company should have the abbreviation of either Proprietary or Pty to be recognized as proprietary company. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2000) Proprietary company is divided into two part s which have been discussed below with its advantages and disadvantages.4.1.1 Company limited by sharesA company limited by shares is a type of proprietary company where shareholder only pays amount unpaid on shares when company makes a call, i.e. they have fully and partly paid shareholders. Advantage of this company is that the shareholders are provided more protection when the case of liability rises. Whereas, more paper work, complex legal formalities, high cost to establish are some of its disadvantages. (Finance 2007)4.1.2 Company unlimited by shares capitalA company unlimited by share capital is the company where the shareholders are fully responsible for all the debts of the company. Advantage of this company is that it has separate legal entity, can sue and be sued and so on whereas unlimited liability is the major disadvantage. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010)4.2 Public CompanyPublic company is the company where the fund is raised by issuing shares to general public by using disclosure document prospectus. In this type of company, there should be at least 3 directors where minimum 2 should be the resident of Australia and also can have infinite number of shareholders and members. Also, S148 (5) (CA) states that public company has no distinguishing name. (Lipton, Herzberg 2000) Public company is divided into four parts which have been discussed below with its advantages and disadvantages.4.2.1 Company limited by sharesSection 9 (CA) states that a company limited by shares is the company where shareholder only pays the amount unpaid on shares when company makes a call. There are two types of members who have paid the amount of shares either partly or fully. downstairs s515 (CA) a member is liable to kick down to the companys debts and liabilities and the costs, charges and expenses of the winding up. Advantage of company limited by shares is that the creditor does not need to sell the personal prop to pay the debt of the company. Whereas, the disadvan tage is that it has more legal formalities, more paper work and so on similar to other companies. (Lipton, Herzberg 2001)4.2.2 Company unlimited by shares capitalCompany unlimited by shares capital is the type of the company where the shareholders are fully responsible to pay for all debts of company. Recognition as a separate legal entity, thumping capital, highly professional persons engaged in the company is some of the benefits of company unlimited by shares capital whereas unlimited liability is one of the major disadvantages. (Redmond 2000)4.2.3 Company limited by guaranteeA company limited by guarantee is a company whose members have their liability limited to the amounts that they have undertaken to contribute to the property of the company in the event of it being wound up. Guarantee companies retain the advantages of being legal entities with the liability of the members limited to the amount of guarantee. Also under ingredient 115 (CA), only a company limited by guarant ee may obtain a licence to dispense with the word Limited at the end of its name. Whereas, the drawback of this type of companies is that it does not raise initial or working capital from its members. (Redmond 2000)4.2.4 No liability CompanyA no liability company is a company where shareholders are not bound to pay the amount owed to company when company makes a call. Advantage of being this company is that there will be no liability for the shareholders, whereas the drawback of this company is that only mining can be done if no liability company is formed. (Redmond 2000)5. What might be the most appropriate company to form, and can this be changed at a later point of time?5.1 Most appropriate type of company.5.1.1 Proprietary Company limited by sharesThis company is one of the appropriate companies for Ted. The shareholders are only liable to pay the debt of the company when company makes a call and also shareholders are more protected. Also, proprietary company limited by shares i s good for the small family business (Finance 2007).5.1.2 Proprietary Company unlimited with share capitalProprietary company unlimited with share capital is not appropriate company for Ted. As, in this company shareholders are fully responsible to pay the debt. Whereby, Ted wanted to convert to company because of limited liability.5.1.3 Public Company limited by sharesIt is one of the companies which attract more number of shareholders. For Teds business activity, company limited by shares is also one of the appropriate companies as the shareholders will only be liable to pay for the amount unpaid on shares when the company makes a call.5.1.4 Public Company unlimited by shares capitalTed wants to convert his sole trader business to company because of the limited liability. But company unlimited by shares capital has unlimited liabilities. Also, these sorts of company are established by professionals. So, it does not suit for the Teds business.5.1.5 Public Company limited by guarant eeA company limited by guarantee is convenient for clubs, charities and other non-trading companies whose capital is raised by members fees, donations, subscriptions and social activities (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010). Whereas, Ted Company is a trading companies and profit oriented, which means choosing company limited by guarantee is the wrong decision to be taken.5.1.6 Public Company with no liabilitySection112 (3) (CA) states that a no liability company is prohibited from winsome in activities that are outside its mining purposes objectives (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010). This reflects that no liability company is not appropriate type of company to be formed by Ted.5.2 Can certain company be changed at a later point of time?Proprietary company limited by shares and Public Company limited by shares are both appropriate for the Teds business. In Future, if Ted wants to convert from proprietary to public or either from public to proprietary, he can convert it.5.2.1 Proprietary to P ublic CompanyCorporation act allows proprietary company limited by shares to convert to public company limited by shares by passing a particular(a) resolution to this effect and by lodging an application with ASIC s162 (CA) and s163 (CA). Also, the company should omit the word Proprietary from the company. Then the company is issued with an amended certificate of registration and becomes a public company. Under s165(CA), if the company has contravened s113 (CA), then ASIC may direct a proprietary company to change to public company. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010)5.2.2 Public to Proprietary CompanyCorporation act allows public company to convert to proprietary company by passing a special resolution to this effect and by lodging an application with ASIC s162 (CA) and s163 (CA). The special resolution must alter the company name by including Proprietary or Pty. Also, S113 (CA) states that the proprietary companies to have share capital and a maximum number of 50 shareholder members. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010)6. On-going requirementsIf Ted were to set up a proprietary or public company, several more steps would have to be taken from the time the company is officially registered. Firstly, under s286 (CA), a detailed financial record should be kept by Ted. Also, these records should be available for the next seven years. A splendid book must be there under section 251A (CA). Whereby, the minute book consists of the records and resolution of meetings which should be signed bythe director and chairperson of the company. Also, minute should include declaration form which is optional for proprietary and compulsory for public company. Additionally, under s168 (CA) register have to be maintained for members, option holders and debenture holders. As, Ted wants to increase his capital, he should give notice to ASIC of the shares he wants to issue, amounts paid and unpaid on the shares. Likewise, within two months, Ted need to issue share certificates to the holders. Appointing a public tax officer and an appropriate insurance would be advised for Ted. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2010)7. nonimmune for the actionsAfter setting up the company, the shareholders, members are not liable for the actions undertaken by the company. The precedent case Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd (1897) Ac 22, the court decided that Salomon was not held liable because the company and he himself are two different business entity doing business together. However, the court will lift the veil of incorporation if the company is utilise to perpetuate a fraud, if company is used to avoid an existing legal obligation, situation of agency and so on. Whereby, veil of incorporation is defined as obstruction which separates the company on one hand and the members, promoters and controllers on the other. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2000)In the case Re Darby (1911) 1 KB 95, the court decided that Darby was liable for his actions and so the court lifted the veil of incorporation. Also, in the case Gilford Motors Co Ltd v Home (1933) Ch 935, the court held that the Gilford was liable as the company was created for fraudulent purposes. (Lipton, Herzberg, Welsh 2000) Under the case Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd (1964) 2 QB 480, the court decided that there must be a representation that the agent has the authority, the 3rd troupe must be well known that the contract is done on good faith and the contract must have power under memo & articles to make contract. Or else, the person will be fully liable for his/ her activities. (Commonwealth Consolidated Act 2001)8. Restrictions on the sale of sharesUsually shares are easily expatriationable. Shareholders have right to buy and sell the shares. However, the company also can restrict the shareholders totransfer the shares. S1072 G (CA) states that the director of proprietary companies have right to refuse to transfer shares. Also, S1072 F (CA) states that the public company have limited right to restrict transfer of share. (Commonwealth Consolidated Acts 2001) This shows that Ted can restrict on the sale of shares by by-line the S1072 G (CA) or S1072 F (CA). He might do this to be the majority shareholder of the company. He can maintain the less chances of takeover by the third party. Also, if he restricts the transfer of shares then the business would remain in the familys hand only.9. Recommendation and ConclusionType of business run, individual circumstances, the train of control and financial situation are the things which should be considered before choosing which type of company to set up. For example, if the company can easily get a large capital, have easy transfer of share ownership, have good ability to borrow money from public and possibly list on the stock exchange, then choosing public company with limited shares wont be the wrong decision for Ted. (Finance 2007) However, many small businesses like Teds are unlikely to require these abilities and are more wi lling to set up a company structure for family tax planning. Likewise, company also provides more benefits than sole trader, i.e. limited liability, recognition, abundant flexibility and so on. This shows that the appropriate form of company would be proprietary company limited by shares for Ted. To conclude, a proprietary limited company is the most common type of company set up by small businesses. So, Ted can choose proprietary company with limited shares. Also, in future if he wants to expand his business, he can go through some legal formalities and can convert to public company limited by shares. bring up of ReferencesAdams, M, 2002, Essential Corporate Law, 1st edn, capital of the United KingdomCommonwealth Consolidated Act, 2001, Corporation Act 2001, viewed 30 April 2012, Davies, P 1997, Gowers Principles of Modern Company Law, 6th edn, London Finance, 2007, Proprietary limited company, viewed 30 April 2012, Lipton, P, Herzberg, A, 2000, Understanding Company Law, 10th edn , Sydney, New South Wales Lipton, P, Herzberg, A, 2001, Understanding Company Law, 9th edn, Sydney, New South Wales Lipton, P, Herzberg, A, Welsh, M, 2010,Understanding Company Law, fifteenth edn, Sydney, New South Wales

Wage Determination in Perfect and Imperfect Markets

Wage determination in perfect and imperfect markets Perfect competition In perfect cranch markets, everyone is hire taker both the employee and the employer. On the one hand, the employer and his whole cannot control the market as there are too numerous firms and the firm is price taker on the product market and attention market. On the other hand, the workers cannot control their wage as they have no stinting power to do so or they are of a clearly definite type.In perfect competition there is a free movement of labor. Everyone can reach the labor market or to switch jobs. Moreover, both workers and employers have enough information on the labor market state final payment, demand, productive level of workers etc. The most common thinking in labor markets is that all workers in the same position are equally There are two ride forces concerning the supply of hours by an individual worker while working, the worker sacrifices its leisure time and the work may be unpleasant.Th e worker experiences peripheral disutility of work, which tends to increase as work hours increase. To deal with the peripheral disutility of work, a wage could be raised. This would lead to community willing to work more hours in order to have a greater income and they are ready to sacrifice their leisure time or in other words the substitution effect appears. Still, with high earnings people tend to work less in order to have more leisure, which is the income effect and as a result we meet the backward-bending supply curve of labor.What determines wage rates in perfect competition is the number of qualified people, the wages and non-wage benefits in alternative jobs and the non-wage benefits or costs of the jobs. The wage of a worker is thrifty by the interaction of demand and supply in the labor market. A very useful tool for calculating the wage rate is the marginal productiveness theory. As bulky as firms are concerned, they will try to maximize profit by employing worke rs until the marginal cost of employing a worker is equal to the marginal revenue the workers output earns for the firm.In other words, the wage should be equal to the marginal cost the firm has occurred by employing the last worker. check to time some differentiations might be do. In the short run expanding industries will be able to pay higher than contracting industries. In the long run there are wage differentials because workers have different abilities and they are not perfectly mobile. In conclusion, the low compensable will be those whose labor is in low demand or high supply, they possess few skills or are unfit, work in contracting industries, do not pauperism to move from the area etc.Highly paid are workers whose labor is in high demand or low supply, they have certain skills or talents or work in expanding industries. Wage determination in imperfect markets In the real world, firms or workers, or both, usually have the power to knead wage rates. This is the case wit h monopsony this is a market with a single buyer or employer. Another option to determine prices is when the workers are part of a labor union, which can be a monopolist or part of an oligopoly. Monopsonist are wage setters or wage makers as they are represent all the workplaces.What is interest about monopsonist is that if a firm wants to hire more workers, it has to pay a higher wage rate to attract workers away from other industries. The wage it pays is the bonny cost to the firm of employing labor and the marginal cost of hiring one more worker will be above the wage rate. To maximize profit, a monopson equalizes marginal cost of employing labor with marginal revenue product. Union monopoly or oligopoly has market power and can deflect wages. The scope of this power depends on the market concerned.However, the higher the wages, the less the workplaces. Moreover, unemployed might undercut the union wage by forcing the firm to employ non-unionised labor. The only way to increas e wages and not slew the level of employment is by increasing the productivity of labor. Another form of imperfect labor market Is bilateral monopoly. It means that a union monopoly faces a monopsony employer. In this case the wage rate and the level of employment depend on the relative bargaining strengths and skills of unions and managers.As a matter of fact, my facing a single powerful employer it might be easier for the union to increase wage rates. In bilateral monopoly the union can threaten the industry with strikes and consequently economic losses which gives unions more power. It often happens both sides union and management, to gain from the carried negotiations. This is called collective bargaining. In this form of agreement there are various threats or promises made by both sides. Examples of union threats are picketing, working to rule and such of employers can be lock-outs, plant closures etc.The government can also influence the collective bargaining. It can try to set an example, or set up arbitration or conciliation machinery. Another possibility is to use leglislation, e. g. set a minimum wage rate or prevent discrimination. To change the perspective, a higher wage might also be profitable for the firms. The reason rear end this lies in the fact that productivity rises with wage rates. Moreover, by investing in training of the personnel, a firm will meet significant loss in the absence of the better-trained workers.High wage rates motivate workers as well. Other imperfections of labor markets can be the inadequate information workers or employers receive. In addition, wages may respond very slowly to change in demand and supply, causing disequilibrium in labor markets. The last factor in determining wages we are going to examine is discrimination. It might take many forms race, sex, age, class etc. In economics, discrimination means that workers of identical ability are paid different because of the aforementioned characteristics.