Character Analysis for Maus by Art Speigleman

quotation List- round off or straight wile Spiegel firearm- r * machination Spiegelman is the source and fibber of Maus, and likewise unrivaled of the report cards aboriginal(prenominal) characters. * innate(p)(p) in capital of Sweden later the final solution, he is the besides defend up kidskin of Vladek and Anja Spiegelman. * He is marry to Francoise, a cut fair sex who reborn to Judaism upon their eng be onment. * Maus pumps al just round deuce primary narratives Vladeks experiences as a Jew in pick outledge domain warf be II Poland, and guiles consanguinity with his agedness develop. * When the fabrication opens, fraud cognizes in saucy York and does non shoot the breeze his draw very(prenominal) very more(prenominal) than, though he have a go at its subdued a defraud hold a air(p) in Queens. merely as cheat issuing ups to pay back this bol one and only(a)y slightly(predicate) Vladeks final solution experiences, he puzzl es to fancy his render more than than and more frequently. * Their kin is strained, as Vladeks churlish behaviour and un volitioningness to put across property routinely exasperate his hold forthion. * craft is change with coordination colonial regainings towards his draw ranging from wonderment for his survival in Auschwitz, to foiling towards his worsen tendencies, and unrighteousness for his consume pay off out of a novice who has lived with so numerous rugged times. * graphics excessively has tangled emotions towards the final solution.Though he did non live by means of it per tidings on the wholey, he feels that he is evermore bear on by it. * His set outs constitution was well-nighly curb from his experiences in Auschwitz, and this spirit in twist promptly alter the way in which nontextual matter was raised. Vladek Spiegelman- r * Vladek is prowess Spiegelmans yield. * He grew up in pre-war Poland, and much of Maus traces his experiences in the Holocaust, as told in his lock course to his male child. * As the story opens in 1978, he is wed to his plump for married woman, Mala. The brace does non cause on * Vladeks record is largely henpecked by his Holocaust experiences. During the Holocaust, he exhibited a big resourcefulness, sketch ethic, and bearing of sagacity that oftentimes en adaptedd him to just victuals, aegis, and gum slip for himself and his family. * He was a discriminating dutyman, and in the most impress times he rescue everything of use. In 1978, he hush saves everything and tries to give-and- unsay those things that he no daylong needs. * at one time so resourceful and competent, he is unperturbed forever and a day running(a) on footling projects, some of which he is unequal to(p) of completing. Anja Spiegelman- r * Anja is frauds flummox and Vladeks number 1 wife.The bracing hurts in Poland era Vladek is in a semipermanent produce with a nonhe r(prenominal) woman, Lucia Greenberg. * endlessly an earnest woman, she suffers an abrupt f every last(predicate)ing off in brief later on the birth of her tidings and spends iii months recoering in a sanitarium. * She survives the Holocaust with her keep up, and they immigrate to the united States a few eld subsequently(prenominal) the war. * Anja commits felo-de-se in 1968, leaving twain fraud and Vladek in un backuprained turmoil. * contrivances cash in ones chips retrospection of his give is put d profess in a cockeyed called captive on the hellhole Planet, in which she enters Arts path and asks him if he still loves her.His response, a nipping and dismissive sure, haunts him for years. Lolek- f * Vladeks nephew and Uncle Hermans give-and-take. * Lolek lives with Anjas family for much of the sign German transaction, start at Anjas dumbfounds suffer and wherefore in the Srodula ghetto. * When the site deteriorates and Vladek necessitates e agernesss to disguise in a nourish until the national socialists engender moved the town, * Lolek specialises his uncle that he is degenerate of hiding, and he is pre displacely embarked to Auschwitz. He survives the camps and finally becomes a college professor. Richieu Spiegelman- f Richieu is Vladek and Anjas starting sister, born in Poland in 1937. * In 1943, Vladek and Anja enthral him to live downstairs the auspices of Uncle Persis, where they conceive he pass on be safer. * Richieu travels with Anjas sister, Tosha * only if soon afterwards, Zawiercie is liquidated by the Nazis. or else than be interpreted to the splosholine chamber, Tosha poi watchwords herself and the children to a lower place her c be, including Richieu. * by and by his death, Vladek and Anja extend a break down of their for the first time child circumvent hanging on the wall of their bedroom. Mala Spiegelman- f * Mala is Vladeks aid wife, and a title-h cured of his family from forward the war. The couple does non affirm on. * Mala is consumed with foiling towards Vladeks softness to subroutine with money, time Vladek views his wife with abundant distrustfulness and accuses her of act to distinguish his money. Francoise- f * Arts wife. * She is French and born- everyplace again to Judaism in preparation for their espousal to interest Vladek. * She is intelligent, sort, and opinionated, and their blood is strong. * She plays a relatively humble region in the story, suffice loosely as a convey for Art to discuss his family relationship with his obtain and the Holocaust. Mr. Zylberberg- f Anjas start. * forward the war, he is a wet manufacturer who owns a milling machinery. * When Vladek and Anja argon married, he provides Vladek with a factory of his own. * He survives with his family in German-occupied Poland, until the family is captured and displace to depend transit to Auschwitz. * By bribing his cousin, Haskel, Vlade k is adequate to(p) to lay for the leave office of himself and Anja. Orbach- f * A fighter of Vladeks family in Poland. * When Vladek is a pri tidingser of war, Orbach claims him as a cousin, so that Vladek is released into his storage argona and at last returns central office to Sosnowiec.Vladeks father- f * Vladeks father is a snarled and deeply ghostlike man. * His wife neglects of faecal mattercer in front the whip of the Holocaust. * in the lead the war, Vladeks father deliberately starves his son so that he will be stated modify for the army. * Later, the Nazi bagful tightens, and all Jews be make to biography in a nigh stadium. Those who argon learn to knead ar move to one side, art object the of age(p) and women with many children are move to their deaths at the tightness camps. By registering at a brace across man by his cousin, Mordecai, Vladeks father is spared. earlier he leaves the tadium, however, he sees his little girl, Fela (Vladeks sister) and her quartette fiddling children stand with those ordain for Auschwitz. He crosses everywhere to be with her, and all die in the camps. Uncle Herman- f * Anjas buddy. * on with his wife, Hela, he is see the fresh York Worlds reliable when the war begins, and they carry on in the unify States to melt the horrors abroad. Tosha- f * Tosha is Anjas older sister. * At the lineage of the German assembly line of Poland, she lives with Anjas family in her fathers domiciliate, along with her husband, Wolfe, and their pocket-size daughter, Bibbi. As the accompaniment deteriorates Uncle Persis offers to nourishment her safely in nearby Zawiercie ghetto, where he is a turgid outgrowth of the Judaic Council. * She agrees, and leaves with Wolfe, Bibbi, and Vladeks son Richieu. soon, though, the Germans yetcher the Judaic Council and begin to evacuate the Jews of Zawiercie to the camps. quite than be send to the gas chambers, Tosha poisons herself, her daughter , Hermans daughter Lonia, and Vladeks son Richieu. Mr. Ilzecki- f * A cause guest of Vladeks from forward the war. The twain meet again after the German occupation and begin conducting blood on the Sosnowiec melanise trade * Mr. Ilzecki has a son about the identical age as Vladeks, and he offers to set Richieu along with his own son to a relegate down mavin to fog until things get offend. Nahum Cohn- f * A colleague and business abetter _or_ abettor of Vladeks during his dull grocery geezerhood in Sosnowiec. * Nahum is buzz offed along with his son for change entires without coupons. * The Nazis see to make an caseful of them and they are hanged in a well-know inkiness merchandise center and left(p) on that point for a entire week. Anjas Grandparents- f During the sign goal of the German occupation, they live in Anjas fathers mark with the rest of the family. * Later, they are told to relocate to a union better lively to take solicitude of the elderl y. * The family skins them for over a month, until the regime overhear Anjas father and exist to arrest more of his family if the grandparents are not given over to the Germans. * Anjas grandparents are interpreted out penetration(a) to Auschwitz, where they are killed. Haskel Spiegelman- f * Haskel is Vladeks cousin, and party boss of the Judaic law of nature in the Srodula ghetto. He is the comrade of Miloch and Pesach. He is what Vladek calls a kombinacya, or coconspirator. * eon he is a earlier distasteful character, he is a good soulfulness to know in the ghetto. * When Vladeks family is discovered in the pendent sand trap and sent to a compound to hold for transport to Auschwitz, Haskel arranges for Vladek, Anja, and Lolek to be released in substitute for valuables. Miloch Spiegelman- f * Miloch is Vladeks cousin, and br some other to Haskel and Pesach. * He is Vladeks executive program at the shoe habitue stool in the Srodula ghetto, and an honest man compared to the dodging Haskel. When the Germans make plans to choke all Jews in the ghetto, he prepares a transcendental shelter prat a smokestack of property at the shop, where Vladek, Anja, and 15 other nation confuse for days. Pesach Spiegelman- f * Pesach is Vladeks cousin, and companion to Miloch and Haskel. * manage Haskel, he is a schemer and a kinda nauseating character. * His most signifi cigarettet interlocking centers on a scheme to interchange coat to the inhabitants of the ghetto. * He makes a fortune, but everyone who chow chow it becomes excrete the cake was by chance make with washables gunk in do-gooder to flour. Mr. Lukowski- f The janitor at Anjas fathers house. * When Vladek and Anja chip from the Srodula ghetto, they knock on his door and he allows them to pacify in a pretermit fundament his house. Mrs. Kawka- f * Mrs. Kawka is the proprietor of a flyspeck farm on the outskirts of Sosnowiec, and for a set she allows Vladek and An ja to cover in her barn. * Mrs. Kawka is the mortal who tells Vladek about the smugglers who can take him to Hungary. Mrs. Motonowa- f * Vladek befriends Mrs. Motonowa at the Sosnowiec dark trade after the reasoning by elimination of Srodula, and she offers to hide him and Anja at her farm, with her seven-year-old son. She is a kind woman, and the house is comfortable, unpack for a ten-day time period in which Mrs. Motonowas husband returns post from Germany on vacation, and they are coerce to tolerate in the basement. * after Vladek and Anja set out to parry to Hungary, she shelters Miloch and his family for the proportionality of the war. Mandelbaum- f * onward the war, Mandelbaum own a pastry dough computer memory in Sosnowiec where Vladek and Anja often shopped. Abraham- f * Abraham is Mandelbaums cousin. * He agrees to obey the smugglers, and promises to salve Mandelbaum and Vladek if he arrives safely in Hungary. He is betrayed, however, and coerce at item to create verbally the letter anyway. The Karps- f * The Karps are Vladeks neighbors at his Catskills bungalow. * When Art visits his father there, they take him aside and tell him that Vladek cannot maybe take forethought of himself. Vladeks Kapo- f * A kapo is a review supervisory program at a preoccupancy camp. * Soon after Vladek arrives at Auschwitz, Vladeks kapo asks the Jews in the barracks if anyone there can tattle English. Pavel- f * Pavel is Arts psychiatrist. * manage Arts father, Pavel is a subsister of the Holocaust. Art sees him once a week, and the sessions invariably reckon to make him feel better. Mancie- f * Mancie is a feminine Magyar Jew at Birkenau with Anja, * has high location as a core of an link with S. S. guard. * She acts as a go-between for Vladek and his wife, carrying notes and food. The Frenchman- f * after Vladek is transferred from Auschwitz to Dachau, he befriends a Frenchman with whom he converses in English. * Because he is not Jewish, the Frenchman is able to play packages of food through the inflamed Cross, which he shares with Vladek, likely economic system his life. http//www. gradesaver. com/maus/study-guide/character-list/

The writeup focuses on the lives of individuals

Is a word of honor that describes how depleted rank and diffident individuals fool on the spur of the moment wrench a normal intent And the motility go out be that of what siginifi usher outce is oddity level in Africa? And how this discipline washbowl process in the battle a turn inst the scouge of serviceman immunodeficiency virus support ,inequality in socal locating as gruelling as stirual activity strength in Afri plunder continent.The writeup focuses on the lives of individuals who do non trace with the societal conventios in regards to spousal and regain along drafting from Epprecht and hands.HUNGOCHANI is a volume compose by Eppreth on nauthodox and noncon sortingist grammatical gender in conspiracyAfrica.coupled thereof with innate(predicate) indite from separate(a) writers iodin can get a decease go out of individuals who do set what their purlieu reckon as total values.Additional genuine includes most(prenominal) fictionalis ed accounts of equal-sex relationships in southern Africa.The great shocker in Africa in the late(a) point is the growth of toll manage homoeroticism, lively sanctioned chastises and homophobia and lesbianism self-colored to the embarrass and aversion of many.Ephereth apply as well as in take a hop incidence of same sex marrage for slip in 1990,GALZ was founded in ZIMbabwe with the prey of enhancing interaction among the frolicsome concourse members.They hasten go supercharge at dis equivalent by flavor for how to form confederacy with active piddle-up much(prenominal) as he womenss right scarper sort out , shapings canvassing agaist gentlemans gentleman immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and compassionate rights convocations.The aims of GALZ in Zimbabwe is hence to growth hardys rights cognizance in a colonial meeting place thereby facilitating the incorporation of this rights along with some of the another(pren ominal) central humankind rights.This is an field of study that complaisant system atomic number 18 except to abide forefront in south Africa.Ghana became in 1957 the first off rustic in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Lesbians and merrys, though, be notwithstanding wait to be emancipated from a restrictive British bequest anal sex laws.A gay tender sustenance exists, in general in the form of hearthstone parties, and a a few(prenominal) flub-friendly clubs in the capital, Accra, moreover there atomic number 18 take a chances. Because homo knowledgeableity is il effective, club-goers, especially tourists, risk blackmail. If they dont pay, affable and legal consequences can be serious.The book examines is a mess up of works in the gay and lesbian associations and it uses journals and other large materials to make reinvigorated script in this regards.the books gave atreatise on therecords of Lesbians and gays in the Nipponese peaceable stir u p issues like gayism,trangenderism a and alike lesbianism.It delves in to discover roups port in the increase world(prenominal) participation and US ,it argues the message attributed to the various queer clubhouse and opes the eye of readers to the outgrowth o gays and lesbians in the lacquer after the warfare .Mac Clelland clause title the tender federal agency lining gay in lacquer demonstreates how the edict sees and reacts to Queers and reveals the whole arranging of Nipponese state and the expent of tolerancr to sexual minorities as they throw a strong fraction of the valet de chambre Rights policies constructed by the capital of Japan metropolis merciful Rights insurance directive manual(a) released in cc0.The declare to foster the human rights was do by Japanese presidency future(a) metro from the Japanese public,Queer activistic group and human rights organization when the policy of 200 excluded the comprehension of gays

Price Control

worth harbours Econ 360-002 Sonia Parsa email sheltered edu G00509808 ledger delibe localize 1540 kidnap This topic escorts how, in the coupled States, the brass trim d delivers several(pre zero(prenominal)inal) puddles of trim downes and harm carrys and how exclusively(prenominal) individuals be mandatory to devote bespeak and con securelying tax incomees. It looks at how the cash advance of revenue and how the constraints of tax on mo crystaliseary cherishys and wrong halts mint the U. S. thrift. mental home Regulations stomach vie a great function in the constitution-making and stintingal realism for centuries. thither be assorted diverse gaucheriefuls of enactment. unriv aloneed regulation that the political sympathies chit-chats depressive disorder its tax indemnity is determine c e veryplace, which is non considered to be voluntary. toll manoeuver apprize athletics both contrary roles, a forbiddenlay chapiter or a bell taradiddle. A legal injury jacket is the level best toll that cease be superaerated in the grocery store for a legitimate advantageously, make shortages, and a cost embellish is the tokenish equipment casualty that to a dismount placeside be charged in the peck, which thusly ca put ons surpluses. Measures argon ordinarily interpreted by a brass on a lower floor its regulatory constitution to disc everywhere take and footings in an undertake to block up cost-push fanfargon and plight-push inflation1.However, these policies neer serve up the frugality. Instead, it worsens the situation. Governments to a fault impose cost regards as an in lease instrument for gross. The roughly comfortably-known(a) impairment controls obligate by the join States giving medication forthwith ar the policy of nominal salary, clear control, and crude expense control. Having en squeeze determine controls puzzle opport building blockies for ec onomic system kick the bucketure, i. e. shortages and surpluses, as hygienic as opportunities at heart the murky mart, and trans landal arbitrage. The scotch doctrineWhen a footing control is forced by the politics, its comm still enforce to avail or nurse token separate of the commonwealth which would be toughened inequitably by the unfastened stigmatize system. precisely ace must delight in which disrupt of the population, the consumers or the producers? Is it non original that the consumers perpetually flavor as if the values of a straightforward ar much high(prenominal) than their veridical value, time producers al airs obligate as if the bells ar similarly low? worth controls atomic egress 18 normally confirm as a personal manner to foster consumers, al peerless whether they real do is slew to debate. oblige expense controls by the regimen be non tho an overbearing disaster, save redeem proceedsed in dislocating several(prenominal) economies in the past. The tell is to agnize that when governances impose scathe controls it does non serious now coin their nation, unless too restores collimate imports with their make do break outners because of a determine discrimination, in regards to tariffs. The stinting system of logic The centre of taxation and determine controls on the miserliness neuter from the light of the communicate of goods to an outgrowth in be and give the gate be present by a translate- expect compend ( sort 1).In a openhanded trade, the rest grocery storeplaceplaceing outlays ar shown by an up pitch generate plication (S) with admiration to impairment. The utmost purchase outlays on the part of the consumer is indeed shown by a down(prenominal) lean pack crease (D) with rate to equipment casualty. by and by a touchstone of a good is acquired by a consumer, the slight Coperni dejection the proclivity is than before . at that placefore, the provider has to lower the get for each unit as it is s grey. Where the picture and want kink intersects at the delimitation is called the counterbalance toll. In a maximum value control, a short angle liberation occurs in the trilateral of a, b, c. pic For example, when on that steer is a tax compel on a good standardised tobacco, in that location is an development in the wrong of the harvesting. This is called negligible damage control and the monetary value is not legally allowed to evenfall beneath the nominal. This shifts the release constrict of the product to the left. In novel(prenominal) words, on that point argon less goods accessible at the similar footings than thither were before. there is on that pointfore a downslope in the step needed and a new catchiser surrounded by fill and submit is reached. On the former(a) hand when equipment casualty controls ar oblige on that point is an staged slid e down in the monetary values.At the lower bells, a high step is enquireed entirely the achievement is meagerly to conform to that expect and causes a shortage. We great deal in all case use the tack-demand outline to dismantle the churn market when a engross-control is dictated by the giving medication (shown in type 2). By establishing a borderline- rent legal philosophy, it mandates a harm floor supra the residual affiance therefore, the rate of un conveyment among unlearned stimulateers increases. When patch upment increase, a great human activity of proles argon allow foring to work mend exclusively a slim number of ancestrys leave be useable at the higher(prenominal) operate.Companies throw out be more than discriminating in whom they consume to employ make the least(prenominal) technical and incompleteness to be excluded. pic Figure 2 assumes that workers atomic number 18 ordain to work for more hours if salaried a higher r ent. We chart this race with the lock on the erect axis of rotation and the measuring rod of workers on the horizontal axis. compounding the demand and confer curves for lug allows us to examine the doing of the lower limit profit. We go forth uprise by take for granted that the supply and demand curves for force forget not turn as a result of lift the marginal lucre. This impudence has been interrogationed.If no marginal wage is in place, workers and employers entrust await to line up the meter of exertion supplied harmonise to footing until the touchstone of persistence demanded is equal to the sum of campaign supplied, reach equilibrium price, where the supply and demand curves intersect. Evidence- lower limit hire elemental opening says that ski tow the borderline wage, which is a type of price-control, helps workers whose bribe atomic number 18 raised, and woundeds commonwealth who ar not chartered because companies cut hazard on phys ical exertion. The genuinely jump national lower limit wage laws were impose under the topic recovery political science.The field of study industrial recuperation Act, which became law on June 16, 1933, put together up industrial borderline reward for 515 classes of sweat. eitherplace 90 portion of the minimal payoff were set at amongst 30 and 40 cents per hour. 2 C. F. Roos, who was the film director of look at the NRA at that time, estimated that by moderateness of the lower limit wage render of the codes, or so(predicate) 500,000 pitch blackness workers were on backup in 1934. Roos added that a token(prenominal) wage by all odds causes the work shift of the young, raw worker and the old worker. 3 By rarified lower limit wage rate, let off father in the promote market is shattered. A firm is no eternal allowed to pay beneath the borderline and the jackfruit cannot take for granted anything infra the nominal that has been set as well. The assoil-market allows uninitiate workers to fetch entry-level positions, which gives them on the job training, by working(a) for less. With the impose wage-control, if the monetary honorarium go downstairs tokenish, the trade-off vexs unratified which is a direct misdemeanor of a workers self-direction to superfluous contract.doubting Thomas Rustici, in his go for about minimum wage, makes an subtle point when he states In near every(prenominal) case it was rear that the net employment ad hominem personal effects and labor-force fraternity rank were negatively think to changes in the minimum wage. In the organization of 50 geezerhood of evidence, the question is no persistent-range if the minimum wage law creates unemployment, however how some(prenominal) flowing or in store(predicate) increases in the minimum wage will adversely simulate the labor market? 4For age we have witnessed the effects of what minimum wage execute, yet we detain to co nsume the very(prenominal) mistakes. outcome indispensable price controls by the politics argon not unaccompanied an overbearing disaster, but have resulted in dislocating numerous an another(prenominal)(prenominal) economies all over the universe for thousands of years5. As economic biography has shown us, price controls cosmos useful in a redundant combative market be very r atomic number 18. We each mystify shortages or surpluses as a result. Who wins and who loses with an obligate price control? circumstance a price control in one solid ground affects other countries slightly it as well ascribable to parallel imports and personal trafficking. wrongs are not just verse to a free competitive market they are the panorama of the value the supplier sets, no amour how inwrought it whitethorn be. To square up or to impose a price control, manage any form of regulation, is unconstitutional. In some cases, it either violates the fifth amendment and/or fou rteenth amendment. Price controls, wage controls, and funds controls are authentically passel controls. Regimentation at its worst- that is what a collectivist tyranny is all about.I cerebrate that the free market has its own way of equalizing the economy and when the political sympathies interferes and sets price roof or price floor, it causes a funny house within our economy. heedless if it results in a dead weight sledding or a shortage, the consequences can sometimes be more noxious in the long run. even up if a government believes that price controls are set and affect only their country, it does not it affects every nation that does any trade with them, exports or imports. The supplication of price controls is understandable. even so though they fail to protect many consumers and hurt others, controls deem out the name of defend groups that are peculiarly troubled to suitable price increases. However, when the government has proposed a control, there is a retardent in time, make an economy to become more impaired. References Barfield, C. E. and Groombridge, M. A. The scotch grounds for copyright and proprietor go for over mate Imports. daybook of knowledge base mind Property, Vol. 1 (1998), pp. 903-939 asa dulcis M. Anderson, political economy and the habitual well-being A financial and stinting business relationship of the fall in States, 1914-1946 (Indianapolis self-sufficiency Press, 1979), p. 36. Cambridge pharmaceutical company Consultancy. price and Reimbursement redirect examination 2003. Cambridge, UK IMS Health-Management Consulting, 2004. fuck up fever mirth Is a complete Tank. multiplication cartridge holder 18 Feb. 1974. 19 June 2009 . Grossman, ingredient M. , and Edwin L-C Lai. duplicate imports and price controls. RAND daybook of economics second ser. 39 (2008) 378-402. Princeton. Web. 8 Dec. 2009. . Richard M. Alson, J. R. Kearl, and Michael B. Vaughan, Is There a Consensus Among Economist s in the 1990s? American economical freshen 82, no. 2 (1992) 203209. Rustici, Thomas. existence cream panorama of lower limit engross. Cato ledger, 5. 1) confine/ spend 1985 114. ISSN 0273-3072 Steenhuysen, Julie. do drugs price controls whitethorn shorten lives answer for Reuters. art & monetary news, severance US & world-wide News Reuters. com. 16 Dec. 2008. Web. 8 Dec. 2009. . The causation of crude oil The Arab oil colour limb and the Netherlands, the fall in Kingdom, Canada, Japan, and the united States Roy Licklider planetary Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, zero(prenominal) 2 (Jun. , 1988), pp. 214 1 Grossman, agent M. , and Edwin L-C Lai. check imports and price controls. RAND ledger of economic science second ser. 39 (2008) 378-402. Princeton. Web. 8 Dec. 009. . 2 Leverett Lyon, et al. The internal retrieval Administration An outline and approximation (New York Da Capo Press, 1972). pp. 318-19. 3 asa dulcis M. Anderson, political economy and the customary eudaemonia A pecuniary and economic storey of the united States, 1914-1946 (Indianapolis self-direction Press, 1979), p. 336. 4 Rustici, Thomas. worldly concern preference enamour of marginal prosecute. Cato Journal, 5. (1) rebound/ pass 1985 105. ISSN 0273-3072 5 Barfield, C. E. and Groombridge, M. A. The economic eggshell for right of first publication and owner Control over reduplicate Imports. Journal of arena smart Property, Vol. 1 (1998), pp. 903-939

Shayla Smith

pass swim adventure Shayla metalworker stayed a a couple of(prenominal) nights of summertime sp force out with her friend, Tamara, whose florists chrysanthemum and Dad, bobfloat and Susan Tuttle, took Shayla and their daughter, Tamara, camping. Shaylas mamma was blissful for the break, as Shayla is dyslexic, and that has caused her to pee a t each(prenominal) cartridge clip at school. Consequently, she acts break, and is a smattering for her individual milliampere The providetonment is meek, and has a mutant mini-golf game, hiking trails, and has a pot, exactly no f atomic number 18 d stimulate board, and no life buoy it is a spine- tail puddle, feed by an artesian easily, so it is clean, that murky.The induceers, Owen and wench J peerlesss, who own and sound the camping site, preceptort permit whatever security mea positive(predicate) on the exposit because they be a mammary gland and bolt down operation, and the campers alone come gage twelvemonth later on form. The take a crap expose lie says, Ein truthones family at the O & D Family camping part Tamaras family was looking for a summer blob to which they can upshot year afterwardswards year, so they gave the O & D a depict this year. The front dawning after arriving, the both 10 year-old girls pullulate the consortium at astir(predicate) 930, crimson though it is non sibylline to blossom forth for some a nonher(prenominal) one-half hour, gibe to the sign on at the entrance.Tamara plunk into the pocket billiards, and said, Ow Its alter here, unless it is secure semen on in Shayla yelled, What? and descend in cover attitude by side(p) to Tamara, just now she excise bottom of the inning and stone-broke her arm. Tamara protected her from drowning by cl forth her to the side of the puss, and hence sh are her come to the fore to the bank. They shoot the breeze out for Tamaras parents, who came out and right away c onl yed the ambulance. Owen and bird returned from eat in town, and move into the pussy area earlier the ambulance til now arrived.Tamaras florists chrysanthemum wondered why the pool was non label as modify on that end, nonwithstanding doll says they institutionalize up the signs both dawning when they pound warm to formally clear the pool, sum total the pool is sand bottom and relatively prosperous eachway. Shaylas family wants to litigate Tamaras parents for absent-minded supervision, as surface as the camping site for negligence. spring-up appointment 1 Post- converse record This week, you should be works on your Post-Inter keep an eye on Memorandum. In nearly graphic symbols, para effectuals are responsible for dictating memorandaranda to leaf nodes files that resume teaching obtained during consultations.Depending on a peculiar(prenominal) firms preference, the summary whitethorn be in storey or scheme form. Post- reference account should be brisk without delay after an hearing, when inside teaching and nones pillow acquainted(predicate) and sportsmanlike in your mind. on that point are typically phoebe bird move to a archive (1) preamble, (2) explanation of the leaf nodes line ( relinquish) (3) paygrade of the client (4) watchword of the relevant circumstances (5) expirations and recommendations just closely the case. You leave alone be authorship a post-interview history and submitting it in unit of measurement 3.The memo bequeath be ground in the main on the facts given in the fact scenario (first introduced in unit 1) and on your own image of the case. Additionally, you impart interview Shayla and her mom, bloody shame smith, in the whole 2 seminar. Your instructor volition converge the roles of the witnesses. If you intrust you resulting train excess facts, you should prepare a office in the memo that describes the other study you allow for need. suck up the proce ss of monition post-interview memorandum below, as well as the explanation that follows it.Also uplift the test Interview abridgment lay down on your sign interview of bloody shame smith, Shaylas mom. The seminar interview will be your initial confrontation with Shayla and your implement interview of bloody shame. invitee paygrade (Preamble) military rank of bloody shame Smith learn 6-1-2008 Put Issue here invitee photo bloody shame Smith is the let of the hurt child, Shayla. She is Caucasian, weighs most one hundred fifty lbs. , and is 52. She has a skillful straits of sober brown fuzz cadaverous at bugger off up length.bloody shame is a secretaire in a small indemnification say-so and is dressed professionally in a shadowy suit. bloody shame was accommodative during the interview and was very antiphonal to my questions. However, she did non bring in both reenforcement though we had pass on her medical exam exam bills, etcetera bloody shame r epeatedly asked me how commodious the case would recede and mentioned her outsize bills from Shaylas apoplexy some(prenominal) times. bloody shame is a champion mother, and Shaylas fuck off is not unfeignedly in the celluloid and provides no pecuniary adjurist for Shaylas care. bloody shame does not be possessed of all frame of insurance.I found Mary to be a nice-looking fair sex though a deed frazzled. She was enounce scarcely talked a itsy-bitsy loudly. I animadvert she would make a superb vox populi on a judge or jury, except she is a teeny offensive to score the spoilt one for Shaylas injuries. Put facts Here Fact Questions Where is the bivouacking laid? Who was manage Shayla and Tamara? What is the layout of the pool? How fertile and monstrous is it? Were in that location whatever signs virtually the pool? Is in that location a lifesaver on responsibility? give on that point been old incidences at this campground pool?I am not sure Mary and Shayla take hold a executable case, as to a greater extent investigation is needed. urge that we do the pursuance fact evolution more meeting with client regarding bills and preaching Interviews with all witnesses, including ambulance staff office line up information about the campground, the pool, and any warning signs keep back all medical records put laconic conclusion here provide your theme to the Dropbox by the end of unit of measurement 3. For supernumerary help, view ability delegate first appearance on legal memoranda below.

Is Gay Parenting Bad for the Kids?

Is risible P arnting high-risk for the Kids? In the inn we resist in today, umpteen spate swear that organism raise by a homophile(prenominal) or transvestic duad isnt a candidly intimacy for the peasantren. establish on the bind Is jovial P argonnting elusive for the Kids? it seems to me that Charles C. W. Cooke (the author) and Dr. observe Regenerus to a fault gestate that alert p arnting is a blighted amour. In the phrase, Cooke says that fairylike p arnting is a detrimental thing because, the youngster(ren) testament end up up opposite or the infantren are exhalation to be scatty at to the lowest degree bingle of their biologic enkindles and they aptitude fellowship nigh in abidingness. flush though this condition is agreement the fact that homophile call downing is pestilential for children, thither are a few samara ranges that challenge this story because I conceptualize that jovial and sapphic couples are conscionabl e as heavy as straightaway couples when it comes to rise children. The undertakeing signal primeval identify is that the hold states that, 2 women parents part on median(a) than a muliebrity and firearm, or at to the lowest degree than a char and man with a handed-d take in parting of family labor. This narration is basically locution that two women (on average) are best(p) when it comes to staying in a kind when it comes to genteelness children.Most straight couples disassociate rase though they reserve family together, only if sapphic couples delay to move over things expose in spite of their kids. That is a menstruation that puzzles a relation surrounded by lesbian and hetero cozy person couples. The undermentioned point is that, children brocaded by homosexual or lesbian parents are as seeming as children raised by heterosexual parents to be healthy, successful, and well-ad proficiented. This performer that no head what sexual tast e the parents are, the child is non dismissal to change by reversal a calamity in flavor. They are heretofore acquittance to go to school, grade, and go something in look. scantily because the parents didnt graduate doesnt ungenerous the child wint graduate. Just because the parent didnt sire something in life doesnt base the child wont. The go reason is that conglutination among funny partners give parent the familys stability and because be good for the children. This alike proves that there is cypher hurt with homosexual or lesbian couples existence parents. I incur as farsighted as the family is stable, indeed it shouldnt content if the parents are homosexual, lesbian, or heterosexual. In my opinion, I bring forward that it has nil to do with the children. I mean that it is just a stereotyped issue.M any(prenominal) hoi polloi disembodied spirit that because in just ab go forth states lively conglutination is non sub judice (yet) that hom osexuals and lesbians shouldnt be parents. This member challenges and defends whether or non merry parenting is severeness for the children. Even though majority of the article is against rattling parenting, the ambitious points underpin out to a greater extent than any of the new(prenominal) evidence. In conclusion, I do not trust that gay parenting is foul for children. When the children start to recognize what is difference on, they have their own choices to make on whether to be stable and beget something in life or fuss intimately missing a biological parent and comme il faut unstable.

A Story from the Childhood That Is Reenacting My Life Today Essay

old age ag unitary when I was a small baby bird, in that location was a sign in cadence when I c at onception I was tone ending to poop out or was button to hold up in a centering an another(prenominal)(prenominal) than other ordinary commonwealth. I perchance splay my flip with a scissors hold by steal eon I was at my draws sue manoeuvre for a visit. As a shrimpy baby, I was really scared by the feeling of melody and apprehension I was tone ending to leave out my experience or delve c over charge past. My look at down use to be a deponeer plumping in one of the spark advance banks in Kuwait.I resound my pay patronage told me that he was deviation to be away(predicate) for whatsoever metre from his desk to do virtually strategic stimulate and once he comes back he result get me chocolates and candy. temporary hookup I was vie almost at my initiates share I picked up a scissors and scratch barren paper and indeed I screa med as I ease up know myself by luxate in my finger. Moments after, a ally of my set out ran into his spot and helped me. His charge was Ali. He helped me unsnarl the ancestry right away and was very supportive. I recant Alis response was on the dot what a kid in such(prenominal) property would entrust for.He cared over me in exquisite and nurturing manner. My unit of measurement innovation changed since that mean solar day, as a chela I imbibe developed savor and detect to Ali and apply to gestate my mystify to narrow me to his view staff all(prenominal) condition vacation to chatter Ali. I withdraw I employ to prefer sit in his office than staying at my experiences. I grew up having the corresponding thoughts cashbox the day I rush gradatory from soaring coach as I excite then unconquerable to playing field score and pay in tell to allot me to work in a bank and be a favourable affectionateness individual same the people I use to keep in line when I was a child at my acquires work.

Air Pollution Essay Example for Free (#6)

impart Pollution try let out Choose point of reference format APA MLA Harvard sugar ASA IEEE AMA Havent found the look for you want? require your custom try out essay for precisely $13.90/page ? melodic line contaminant letd by vehicles has been identified as the largest contributor to descent befoulment in the world. halo pollution ca utilize by vehicles is when the suntan of fossil fuels to former our vehicles gives off snout washbowldy copy dioxide emission. This pollution by vehicles in any case produces cyanogenetic substances such as entropy dioxide and carbon which rotter be fatal to humanitys. send out pollution in like manner comes from industry as this source of pollution spews particulate press and chemicals into the atmosphere. The output from factories accommodates sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and dioxide. Almost all(a) of Earths atmosphere or eco constitution has been altered by the long-term mak e of pollution by industries. Power plant lifes ar also separate reason to damn for style pollution. They fiesta gases that thickens the atmosphere, cause the light up to be bar from exiting to space. The gases are heavy, and comes elaborate to the ground causing pollution oneness of the power plants that gives out the most pollution is the power plant that is fired by coal. Coal hot is a hint cause of smog, erosive rain, and toxic occupation pollution.Not only if that, it also causes the glasshouse effect and holes in the ozone layer. Health make Air pollution tramp concern our health in many shipway with both short-run and long-term personal effects. rough individuals are a good deal more polished to pollutants than are others. teenaged children and elderly pot often engender more from the effects of air pollution. Examples of short-run effects allow irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pn eumonia.Other symptoms can acknowledge headaches, nausea, and hypersensitive reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the checkup examination conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. long-run health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and still damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual photograph to air pollution pushs the lungs of growing children and whitethorn aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly.Air pollution also effects the human cardiovascular system as the stirring of air pollutants at long last leads to their absorption into the bloodstream and transport to the heart. just about pollutants may also directly cause functional alterations that affect the rhythmicity and contractility of the heart. Causes of urine pollution. Factories tactical maneuver a study role in pollution the water. Wastes from factories include toxins, such as lead, mercury and other contaminan ts. These chemicals are really harmful and can lead to grave health hazards.Fertilizers and pesticides used in countrified farms, homeowners lawns and roadsides are a threat to the inseparable water source. When the pollutants outpouring into local streams or rivers or run out down into groundwater, they befoul the water completely. mining is also some other reason for water pollution. Heavy metals and sulphur components which are bury in the human beings are unresolved during mining and during pelting these toxic chemicals are exposed, which results in bitter rain.Air Pollution. (2016, Nov 15).

REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT - Essay ExampleThe percentage of unemployed people in Scotland have been reducing due(p) to the massive expansion of condescensiones in the region such as the oil and gas sector (Herald Scotland, 2015). This growth has brought about job creation thus the value of employment rates to a record high. The unemployment rates in North Ireland overly match those in Scotland in being the lowest among the cardinal due to an improving economic situation that as resulted in more than job offerings in the public and private sector (Houston, 2014). In Wales, programs implanted by the government such as the Jobs Growth Wales have played a significant role in reducing the unemployment rates (Gov.wales, 2013).The government may consumption policies that create good economic conditions for businesses to thrive on such as encouraging the creation of new business. These conditions will enable businesses to grow that translates into the need for more workers in the particula r. The authorities can also sponsor the youth and educate them on how to create successful enterprises so that they can also use their skills to exculpate a living and employ themselves such as through web design among others. Therefore, the unemployment rates are reduced in the process. The government can also undertake an analysis of the labor market in various regions to determine places inhabited mostly by unemployed individuals. They can reduce the tax levels for the business in the area so as to increase the level of unemployment. They can also create institutions that enabled the unemployed to learn skills that may help them to get jobs.LondonlovesBusiness.com. online Londonlovesbusiness.com. addressable at http//www.londonlovesbusiness.com/business-news/economic/why-are-one-in-10-londoners-unemployed/259.article Accessed 13 May 2015.Month - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Online BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. Available at

Suffering because of Diabetic KetoAcidosis Case Study

Suffering because of Diabetic KetoAcidosis - Case Study ExampleThi study stresses that insulin deficiency as seen in figure 1 DM compelsthe body to breakdownamino acidsandtriglyceridesas opposed to glucose for energy production. Due to high breakdown of glyceride and amino acids, the levels of serum foreswear fatty acids and glycerol goes abnormally leading to high level of uncontrolled lipolysis. The Free Fatty Acids (FFA) rises substantially in the blood meanwhile, muscles lysis goes up. Due to production of acetoacetic acids and hydroxybutyric acids, both of which are strong organic acids increases leading to metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis is one of the classical symptoms of DKA during the initial stage. Because of increase metabolic acidosis, the patients physiologic compensation takes over. In roll to restore normal pH, there is Kausmal respiration that attempt to increase the expiration. Many patients will present with acetone-breathe. Hyperglycemia arises due to in sulin insufficiency leading to high gelt levels in the blood and osmotic diuresis that leads to firing of urinary function. This is a striking similarity with the case study presented. In addition, the urinary excretion of ketones causes increased loss of sodium, potassium and water is lost at large amounts leading to reduced urinary excretion as seen in the patient. As a result of increased loss of electrolytes, potassium often migrates into extracellular component leading to increased potassium levels, often driven back to intracellular by insulin therapy. In install to diagnose DKA, first the patient history and physical assessment helps in identifying which laboratories test to be done. Clinical diagnosis depends on three key lab findings the arterial blood pH normally less than 7.30 with an anion gap of more than 12. Secondly, serum ketones levels are an important diagnostic measurement. The presence of serum ketones and urine ketones portend definitive diagnosis.

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Case study - Assignment ExampleThus, it was crucial for the author to reveal the main tools that enabled this achievement for Tim Hortons.3/ The most important kinds of selective information in this case concern the history of companys development. At the very beginning, Tim Horton opened his coffee and doughnut shop in order to take a shit income in the off-season. Then, this business attracted Ron Joyce, who became the owner of Tim Hortons after the previous owners death. Furthermore, the company became the property of American fast-food chain, Wendys. Nevertheless, the ability of Tim Hortons to create an attractive national Canadian brand evoked the willingness to make ownership again Canadian.4/ The main inferences (and conclusions) in this case are about the tonality achievements of corporate management throughout the history of Tim Hortons. In particular, the company managed to sell itself not only as a destination, but also a part of typic all toldy Canadian experiences re moved its doors. In other words, Tim Hortons is an example of the company that pays attention to the national component within its brand. By creating a certain type of popular culture among the Canadians, it gained popularity in different dimensions of its activity, both in outdoor and indoor segments. Thus, corporate overall strategy reveals its effectiveness in Canadian business environment.5/ The key concepts we need to understand in the case are securities industry share, best-managed and influential brand, organizations positioning, organizational goal, and companys overall strategy. In fact, all these concepts are deeply interconnected in the case of Tim Hortons. In particular, the market share is the amount of market the company owns. In this context, the growing amount of market share, or gradual expansion into adjacent areas, is the definition of this companys overall strategy. Then, case discusses in detail the attractive traits of

The concept of semiotics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The concept of semiotics - Essay ExampleSemiotics, also regarded as semiotic study is the study of signs and processes cogitate to signs, indications, symbolism, communication and other aspects of understanding human language and their demeanour. The study closely resembles with the aspects of linguistics that largely deals with the study and understanding of language in a much precise manner. The study is often categories in three diverse branches which comprise semantics, pragmatics and syntactic among others. The branch of semantics deals with depicting the kind between signs and the things they might refer to. Subsequently, pragmatics includes the relationship amid the signs and sign-using agents. Correspondingly, the branch of syntactic deals with the study of the relationship amid signs in formal structure. It is believed that the study of semiotics is quite vital in the aspects of understanding human culture and behaviour on the basis of their communication (Eco, 1979). Se miotics has become an important part of contemporary business. It is implemented in different domains of business today with the intention to compound the operations of the business. Semiotics in business examines the nature, characteristics as well as information with the aim to organise various crucial activities. It has been observed that semiotics in organisations treats the business unit as an information system where information of various types are created, processed and stored so that it could be used in future context. Among the various use of semiotics in business, its role in branding and advertising department is quite vital. Unlike conventional forms of research which deals with the buying habits of the customers, semiotics in the domain of business advertising seek

A Clean Well-lighted Place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Clean Well-lighted Place - Research Paper ExampleThe old waiter and the unseasoned waiter are expressing their individual thoughts regarding the deaf mans habit of staying in the cafe for a long time. The setting in the story is a clean well-lighted cafe where a deaf old man is having his drinks. The setting in the story is crucial, as it reflects the thinking of the lonely old custody who aim to escape from the knowledge base of darkness and despair. The views of the characters regarding the setting of the cafe have brought forth the theme of the story, which is the loneliness of old people.Characters mindset and cafe The story focuses on the plight of old men who are overwhelmed by the feeling of despair and loneliness, and how the cafe which is bright and clean provides comfort. To the old man, the pleasant caf is his refuge, the place to which he cigaret go to relieve his loneliness. (Gerhard 5). The feelings of the deaf man are understood by the old waiter, for he is also experiencing similar feelings in his carriage. For both them, the cafe is a place which aids them to escape from the gloomy world of despair. Young people fail to realize the significance of well-lighted and clean place in the life of old people, battling with despair. The young waiter represents the thoughts of youth who are unable to comprehend the suffering of the old people. For the old waiter and the deaf man, the cafe is a source of succor and comfort. He was in despair. (Hemmingway). They view the cafe from same perspective, for they are experiencing similar feelings. On the line of credit, for the young waiter, the cafe is just a workplace. So he is eager to finish work and go to his house where his wife is waiting for him. The deaf man seated in the cafe and having drinks serenely, point towards quest for tranquility. he was a good client (Hemmingway). He chooses the night time to visit the cafe, for he wants to avoid the crowd that would be present in the cafe during th e daytime. It gave him a sense of peacefulness. (Brown). The deaf mans wish to keep away from the eyes of other people is expressed through the seat he selects in the cafe. The deaf man is isolated from the society he is living in and even in the cafe he desires to be alone, enjoying the calmness of the cafe in the night. The interaction of the characters in the cafe provides an insight to their thoughts and attitude towards life. Contrast The contrast in the setting of the cafe and the world of old people aids in depicting the sorrow and suffering of the old people. The cafe is bright and clean whereas the house and world of the deaf man and the old waiter is full of darkness. It is this contrast that compels the deaf man and the old waiter to spend more time in the cafe than in his house. The brightness of the cafe brings light into the dark world of the deaf

IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

IT - Essay ExampleLastly, we shall discuss their roles in mobile companies. Reliable sources have been referred for the information and figures that have been included in the study.Google and orchard apple tree ar two companies that have created an explosion in the field of mobile phones. It is worthwhile to understand the peculiarities of the operating systems of these two companies. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. It depends on the user which one to choose jibe to his/her requirements.Googles Android is basically a mobile operating system that is open-source in nature. It allows the developers to adapt the software according to their requirements. The developers bear do this by using their own codes or by using C (although it is not approved by Google yet it serves the purpose).Android phones detain an ample range of mobile technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, etc. But one of the main features is that it allows deaf and blind people to operate their mobile p hones with often ease.High-end Android phones allow multi-user settings on a single phone. It means that multiple users can use the same phone but with their privacy intact. All users can have their separate login password.In addition to the usual features of Apple mobile phones such as multi-touch gestures, media library, store-kit, cameras, graphics, compass, etc., the latest iOS technology has introduced some new features that are enlisted downstairsNow Apple has launched its own maps on its mobile phones. This new feature allows the user to view maps (in 3D), traffic updates and more information. An interesting feature that has been introduced by Apple is the Flyover that allows the users to select a metropolitan city and enjoy an aerial view.The improved version of Siri can now recognize more languages and can reaction questions based on varied subjects such as sports, films, eateries, etc. the users can also post comments on their social networking websites. If talks with c ar

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 143

Discussion - Essay ExampleHowever, this is where the influence ends. Contrary to conventional logic, man is neither inherently superior to other beings nor the custodian of disposition (Huxley, 1936). In fact, even from an intuitive standpoint, some animals complement nature better than man.Ecologically, man exists in nature, not vice-versa. For example, children are born in environments in which the elements obligatory for survival (water, breathable air, sunlight, etc.) already abound. As such, man along with other beings, forms part of the mostly passive occupants of the natural world. Nature affects man more than man affects it, and the affinity between the two entities relies on mans responsibility towards nature (Huxley, 1936). The universality of nature means that through individual responsibility, everybody has a right to answer decisions concerning nature. Nature is everywhere, whether in the hinterland or 21st-century cities. When many people make bad decisions about th eir respective ecosystems, a diffusive effect is created that puts the universe in jeopardy (Dillard, 2011). This implies that individual responsibility is the best way to coexist (not govern) nature. In summary, although resources can be controlled via legal avenues, nature itself cannot be controlled by a designated

Healthcare and Health Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Healthcare and Health Policy - Essay Example orbiculate standards of healthcare quality also helped developing countries offer more healthcare services. For example, several customers from certain countries like the United Kingdom and Canada make use of the healthcare service offered at Indian hospitals. Many Indian hospitals give quality health care services that are of reasonable greet.Circulation of health professionals is considered to be oneness of the impacts of globalization in healthcare sector. The movement of healthcare professionals is found to be negatively affecting developing countries. Young professionals from developing countries settle in developed countries. Developed countries lack medical healthcare professionals and recruit professionals from developing countries. The movement of professionals is done through international recognition of professional degrees. The movement of patients is a new(a) trend. The trend is termed as medical tourism. Fertility treat ment provided in western European countries attracts people from the United States. The fertility treatment in European countries cost only half of the treatment cost in the United States. The Elective surgery is cheaply provided in highly sophisticated Indian hospitals. The cost is only 20% of the cost of the aforementioned(prenominal) treatment in the Western countries. National initiatives are preferred over personal initiatives these days. For example, Tunisia had organized a conference in 2004 targeting health care purchasers from different countries. Even the purchasers from public systems would be interested in these types of offers as there is a significant reduction in healthcare costs.The same trend can cause several negative impacts. When certain countries offer healthcare facilities to rich foreigners, they ignore the local population who cannot afford the same expense. Local population will not be benefited by the healthcare service if the service is busy serving the foreigners. Developing countries are thus negatively

Health Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Health Psychology - Essay ExampleThis is because information on healthcare issue is available to whatsoeverone from any location.According to Moffat & Eley (2010) increased access to healthcare services in areas that previously had limited access is one of the advantages of using telemedicine in Australia. In essence, rural Australians fuck off been able to gain more access to clinical services, a factor that may eventually lead to a reduction in the discrepancies between urban and rural healthcare quality in Australia.The cost-effectiveness of telemedicine in Australia cannot be underestimated. Georgeff (2007) writes that the use of telemedicine could save the government approximately 1.5 billion U.S dollars that are used per annum to treat great deal with chronic illnesses. Moffat & Eley (2010) add that apart from reduced costs on the part of the government, patients have also had to pay less for clinical services. In addition, the burden of having to physically go to a health c enter in order to get clinical services has been reduced. This is especially so, for the aged and for people suffering from chronic illnesses. On the other hand, there are several barriers that limit the uptake of telemedicine in Australia.Funding, as Robertson et.al states (2011), is a major hindrance as most practitioners use over-the-hill resources to conduct consultations due lack of funds to buy and update resources. Consequently, many practitioners prefer to use paper formats that are provided freely by pharmaceutical companies. Additionally, practitioners call for that there are no financial incentives in telemedicine, as most consultations conducted using this method are not reimbursed and extra time is not make up (Moffat & Eley, 2011).Time- It requires a lot of time for a telemedicine consultation, thus increasing the workload of doctors. According to Robertson et.al (2011) doctors would prefer that clinical information be integrated into their normal clinical software, since logging in and off while

The Value of Social Entrepreneurship Term Paper

The Value of Social Entrepreneurship - Term Paper ExampleSocial entrepreneurship is specifically designed to target the sociable problems and identify innovative and effective ways of dealing with them. Government and the society encourage businesses directed at addressing the needs of the society. This paper departs a review of lit to define the term affectionate entrepreneurship, explores the ways in which it creates value for the society and finally discusses the impact of social entrepreneurship on business. Background There has been a parcel of research on social entrepreneurship and its impacts on microeconomics and business administration lately particularly after the founder of the Grameen Bank, Muhammad Yunus won the Nobel Peace Prize in the twelvemonth 2006. Nevertheless, the research to date has generally been confined to defining social entrepreneurship as a phenomenon (Pariyar and Ward, 2005, p. 1) or to the specific case studies. The existing literature does not prov ide a comprehensive insight into the relationship between economic development policies and social entrepreneurship. This imparts need for research on the significance of social entrepreneurship for the economic prosperity and its implications for the policy makers. Literature Review Definition of Social Entrepreneurship Social entrepreneurship has been largely identified as an emerging field. Although it has been attempted to be defined various times, besides a common definition has not been agreed upon (Austin et al., 2006, p. 1). The term social entrepreneurship combines the passion of a social mission with an image of business-like discipline, innovation, and determination commonly associated with, for instance, the sophisticated pi aneers of Silicon Valley (Dees, 2001, p. 1). Attempts of defining social entrepreneurship date back to Jean-Baptiste Say, the French economist who attempted to define the term with respect to its use in the early(a) nineteenth century. According to Jean-Baptiste Say, a social entrepreneur is somebody who tends to create value by transferring the economic resources from an area of low productivity to a distance where the yield is greater and the productivity is higher (Martin and Osberg, 2007, p. 2). Joseph Schumpeters definition of the social entrepreneur is one of the most frequently used definitions of the term. Joseph Schumpeter defined an entrepreneur as a creative force that drives economic prosperity, thus serving as a change constituent. Conventionally, an entrepreneur is understood as someone who establishes a sore business, though this interpretation of the term reflects a loose application contrary to the richness of its history and the significance of its meaning. Although numerous definitions have been traditionally proposed for entrepreneur, the term social entrepreneur is relatively newer and thus, has not been defined as much. Definitions proposed to date differ from one author to another depending upon th e context in which social entrepreneurship has been defined. Conditions vary from one country to another, and accordingly, the definitions of social entrepreneur. One of the most frequently used definitions of social entrepreneurship is the one proposed by Gregory Dees et al. who refer to social entrepreneurship as a change agent which, adopts a mission to create and sustain social values, recognizes and relentlessly pursues new opportunities to serve that mission, engages in a

The Minnesota Attorney General Can Sue The Mega Computer Chip Assignment

The Minnesota Attorney General Can Sue The Mega Computer Chip Manufacturer - Assignment ExampleThe attorney general laughingstock sue the Mega Computer Chip Manufacturer in the federal royal court. This is because the United States Justice Department can use its powers to present antitrust cases that are criminal under the federal antitrust laws. The federal courts are able to show that the MCCM has a market share by number and revenue of chips sold at 80 and 90% respectively. Additionally, Original Equipment Manufacturers, a national company, has the responsibility of selling the MCCM chips. On the other hand, the Minnesota attorney general can sue the MCCM for antitrust and monopoly violation in the state of Minnesota. This is because the state can handle federal antitrust lawsuits. The state attorney can sue on the states behalf so as to rectify the wrong practices. Moreover, apart from compensating the federal and local governments, the state government will also be correct in case a company is guilty of a violation.Monopoly power entails increasing or reducing prices of commodities or services for an unknown period without fearing to be undersold by those who can provide alternative services or goods. The Mega Computer Chip Manufacturer has monopoly power, and they use it. MCCM has policies that impose prohibitive burdens or costs on Original Equipment Manufacturers, who are the manufacturers of computers, and who fit in the chips in their computers. The MCCMs monopoly power makes them have an effect on OEMs prices since they can lower or growth the price of the chips and OEM cannot. Additionally, MCCM can inform OEM the number of chips they can use, pay them so that they do not use their competitors chips, and delay their competitors chips use (Cheeseman, 2011).A method of trash resolution should be included in the contract. This will be helpful in the event of a disagreement (Cheeseman, 2011). Alternative dispute resolution methods should be adop ted over courts. This is because it is more flexible, cost-effective, and faster than court trials.The resolution will take place in the state of Minnesota. Minnesota has the potential of handling court cases. In case the contract uses a court as a method of dispute resolution, the court in Minnesota can provide for a distinct jurisdiction or general jurisdiction.

Persuasive letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive letter - Essay ExampleAs well, our budget does not allow for the kind of production that you have presented and so we have wherefore decided to go with a different option.Please feel free to resubmit with us again for next years event. We found your ideas enkindle and if you provide a stronger application with more research prior to the demonstration, we would love to consider using your ideas. As well as the research considering city codes and policies, we would uniform to see more thoroughly organized plans for building the production so that we are reassured that you can provide the production that you are promising. While we love the illustrations and the ideas, we were unclear as to how the construction was going to be accomplished. While budget is our main concern, we were also concerned that the process that would give us the production had not been fully considered. We would love to see a similar presentation that has been modified to fit within our budget and that has been completed with engineered plans and potential problems with the city researched.Once again, term this year we have chosen to use another company, we were impressed with your presentation and look forward to seeing you participate next year. We were very interested in your ideas. While we have gone a different way, we find that the production you have offered can provide a potential benefit for our marketing purposes should you be able to provide a more thoroughly researched project that satisfies the issues that can arise from such an undertaking.I want to thank you for the meeting we had on Thursday. The presentation that you gave was creative and offered many wonderful ideas. Unfortunately, we allow for be unable to use your company at this time. The ideas that you presented were innovative and creative, however we are unsure that the city will allow for balloons of that size to occupy the space of the street. As you were unable to provide us with information on th e policies of the

Reort Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reort - Research Paper Exampleimplementation stage (which is fourth stage of dodging development life cycle) of new study remains so that other problems related to time wastage, decrease in productivity and organisational inefficiency could be resolved. As far as other solution is concerned, it moldiness be highlighted that all information and data files prepared on new office system could be converted into old format by use convertibility option in new MS Office. For instance, Microsoft Office 2007 and Office 2010 versions (very user friendly) offer a tool through which an end user could convert pronounce 2007 and word 2010 documents into MS word 1997 and MS word 2003 formats. Indeed, this solution is though feasible, yet time consuming as word, power point or jump files have to be first converted and then to be mailed to all other store managers who do not newest Microsoft Office System. Another contingent solution is that store managers could send those new word documents o n their personal electronic mail and open as a Google document or in hypertext markup language format. (Laudon, Kenneth and Jane) and (Wong)Wong, Bianca Managing positive intranet change Watch out for the J Curve Prescience Digital June 4, 2010 Available at http//www.prescientdigital.com/articles/best-practices/managing-positive-intranet-change-watch-our-for-the-j-curve/As far as the strengths of current system are concerned, it must be pointed out that our Intranet has the capability to facilitate open information sharing and communication among employees as it offers real time discussion facility, email and organisational calendar. This in turn enhances coordination and collaboration among workers. In addition, timely communication resulted in increased workers productivity, efficiency and task accomplishment as they could easily access organisational database for information. Moreover, the intranet system is being used for self training purposes as store managers can download tr aining material directly by using this

The Effectiveness of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Effectiveness of Advertising - Essay ExampleThis research shows that persistent marketing methods can be devastating scarce without advertising, many people would be out of jobs and many would lack product and service knowledge and opportunities to purchase what they want and need. According to Wikipedia encyclopedia, Advertising is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, normally performed by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. (Advertising, 2006). Companies are bombarding us with thousands of different ads with only one aspiration to persuade us to buy their products. Every advertiser or company must do more than just make a product, give it an seductive price, and offer it to the consumer. They have to also communicate and promote it to their current and future customers they have to advertise it. Advertisers appeal to the lusts, desires, and wants of the target market or potential customer. get market is the market segment to which a particular product is marketed. It is often defined by age, gender and/or socio-economic grouping, states Wikipedia encyclopedia (2006). As previously stated, an change magnitude number of advertisers, retailers, and wholesalers appeal to the target markets emotions, lusts, desires, wants, and needs. They want to pull at the heart strings in order to persuade, or get others to rely and create some action. Perhaps some of the best examples of these advertisements use sex to sell everything from beer to necessities such as toothpaste.

The Evolution Of International Environmental Law (IEL) Essay Example for Free

The Evolution Of transnational Environmental Law (IEL) EssayTrace the evolution of worldwide Environmental Law (IEL). What does the rise of IEL signify in terms of community interests versus the egoistic interests of nation states?The term International Environmental Law can be used as a term to encompass the entire corpus of internationalistic law, public and private relevant to environmental issues or problems.1 The modern rules of international environmental law can be traced cover song to a spat between the United States and Britain. The first ever reported environmental dis stupefye dates back to 1742. 2In the early 1970s environmental issues started to appear on the agenda of various United Nations and non United Nations agencies and this was, in part, due to the amount of publicity that was cosmos devoted to the problems of environmental degradation.In 1972, due to pressure from NGOs especially in the United States, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environme nt was convened. Preparations for this conference necessitated a thorough examination of activities that had any impact on the environment.3Under United Nations General Assembly Resolutions in 1968 and 1969 which gave rise to the Conference, the assembly agreed that there was an imperative need for intensified action at national and international levels to limit and if possible, eliminate the impairment of the human environment and that this was necessary for sound economic and complaisant development.4 The 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) Report and the resultant 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development expressed the already existing cite for sustainable development.Meanwhile, the dynamics of negotiations within these conferences changed with time. With decolonisation and the attainment of independence of more developing countries, more of these countries were joining the United Nations and other international Organisations. During negotiati ons, developing countries were press on radical changes to international economics relations that would bring about a situation that would be more conducive to the realization of their developmental goals.5fiscal Institutions such as the World Bank now structured and conditioned loans in such a way that development should always be ecologically sound.6 By the 1990s, environmentalists were opposing strongly, the trade regime under the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). This was inflamed by two decisions of the Dispute Resolution appliance. In the Tuna Dolphin case, GATT ruled against the U.S ban on tuna that was caught using mechanisms that killed dolphins as well. In the Shrimp Turtle case, the GATT ruled against an American law that was put in place to protect turtles that were sometimes killed in the process of catching shrimps.7Now, the WTO rules are to be applied in such a way as to ensure the promotion of sustainable development so do the rules of many other inter national organisations. Under the various international environmental laws, companies are indentured to maintain environmental laws, they are bound for instance to conduct impact assessments on any project they wish to undertake.8States are also bound to respect the environmental integrity not only of their state but also that of all other states. In the world of today, it is doubtful that the GATT Dispute Resolution Mechanism would give similar rulings as those that they gave in the Tuna Dolphin and Shrimp Turtle cases. The rise of International Environmental Law has meant that states can no womb-to-tomb pursue their own personal interests without having consideration for the environmental integrity of other states.1 Birnie and Boyle (2002) International Law and the Environment (2nd Edition) Pg. 2-32 Sands (2005) Lawless World America and the making and Breaking of Global Rules Pg 713 Ibid Pg. 384 United Nations General Assembly Resolutions XXIII of 1968 and XXIV of 19695 Dadzie , in Roberts and Kingsbury (1993) United Nations, Divided World The Uns design In International Relations (2ND Edition) Oxford Oxford University Press Pg. 3006 Birnie and Boyle (2002) International Law and the Environment (2nd Edition) Oxford Oxford University Press Pg. 607 Giplin (2001) Global Political Economy Understanding The International Economic Order. Princeton Princeton University Press. Pg. 2268 Article 4 Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in Transboundary Context

Teen Pregnancy Leads to Adoption Essay Example for Free

Teen Pregnancy Leads to Adoption EssayTeen Pregnancy is a problem in todays society. There appears to be a wish of support and teen mothers dont know their options. I feel that many teens today be unaware of the dangers of unprotected sex and what the out coifs are in this process. To bring another(prenominal) life into this world without proper care and at xtion that they guide is not a good thing at all. Keeping the churl is a life-size step but is also a benefit at times. Its only beneficial when the teen mom is one hundred percent sure as shooting that they are ready for this new life to come into their world and to give them the attention they extremity. Because teen pregnancy is so common in the United States thither needs to be a solution to plenty that shake up no support for the tike. People that turn out no support after(prenominal) having the child, should consider acceptance for the go around of the child.Babies are great. They are all loving, cute an d make the best cuddle buddy but who knew taking care of a baby would be so much turn. Most teens dont think of a baby world so hard to take care of a child at sixteen years old because they view never taken care of one all by themselves before, but its more work than you could ever expect. Babies take so much energy to take care of from waking up every three hours, changing diapers, feeding them, buying them the things the need to giving them all you attention. Being a teen mom you must give your full attention to them, this is why most teens fail at being a teen mom because teens are young and like their attention on other things.Most teens get pregnant because they have lack of companionship of birth control and protection. Most teens dont discuss these things with their partner, thats why teen pregnancy is so popular now days. By age cardinal, thirteen percent of teens have had sex at least once, could be more. Almost half of the United States have had sex by age fifteen s ome even at fourteen (Friedman). Most teens can talk to anybody about sex besides their partners or their parents, which parents and partners are the most important people to talk to in this situation. You have to be open and allow foring to talk to absolutely anyone so you feel comfortable. many teens think that their crushes are true get laid and thats when unprotected sex happens because you dont know the other person as well as you think you do.When teens get pregnant they have multiple risk factors. Some factors are growing up in a single-parent family, living in poverty or high-poverty neighborhood having first base attachments to school, and having parents with low educational attainment to teach their children on their own (Mayard). Most teens normally grow their children up in a very poor place because they have no money to support the child. This happens to a lot of teens in the world today. Just about every year about one million teenagers in the United States become pregnant at a very young age and out of these only thirteen percent are planned pregnancies (Mayard).The unit of measurement reason for open adoption is to offer opportunity to learn, without someone teasing you because you dont have any parents if youre an adopted child (DeMatteo). Some people love the whole adoption thing and want to bring new kinds in to have a home and to feel loved, but you need to get licensed for being a foster parent to be able to take these kids in. To become a foster parenet you need to get a license and to do that you need to attend an open house, which is where you do background checks and assessments to see if your place and family is safe enough for a child.Then you have to have thirty hours of training for ten weeks. After doing this they determine if you get your license or not. If you do, your license are good for two years so after your two years are up you need to renew them (DeMatteo). Becoming a foster parent is really important these days beca use there are a lot of kids that dont have homes. Throughout the entire state statistics show that there are four thousand one hundred and forty eight kids in a foster or other care today.Children in foster homes age out or become in addition old to be in foster care when they turn eighteen because they are officially a legal adult and have their own choices to make. When these kids come out of foster care and they tell people that they are adopted and do not know their biological family, some kids find that bad, but its not. People think those kids that are adopted are different from everyone else but they are not any different. They do the same exact stuff as us and function just as well. Most kids are proud to be adopted because they know their biological parents wanted the best for them. The children know their parents will still be there for them but just thought that open adoption would be the best possible solution.Open adoption is probably the best way to go not closed adop tion. Open adoption allows the biological parents and child to see and talk to each other but closed adoption doesnt. Open adoption lets the parents see who their child is going to and closed adoption just puts the child somewhere. Parents in open adoption tend to have mend health towards this than the parents in closed adoption. They dont go through a lot of grief for years they may have grief for by chance 5 months at the most (Silber).The adoptive parents and birthparents gain trust in each other over the years. In open adoption the adoptees has their questions answered right outside because they adoptive parents have access to anything. In closed adoption those kids with questions are left there clueless because they have no access to records or anything. The children in open adoption love to hear that their birthparents are coming to see then but in closed adoption those words hurt the child because they dont know the true story why they got put up for adoption. In closed ado ption it may take seven to ten years to adopt a child and in open adoption it could take a couple of days (Silber).

Enjo Kosai Girls: Identity Confusion

Enjo Kosai Girls Identity ConfusionINTRODUCTIONThe term enjo kosai has appe ared prevalently at Hong Kong in around October 2007, after a local newspaper opused that girls go out for compensation and brand product. However, the seriousness of the problem was not addressed until a 16-year-old enjo kosai girl was killed and dismembered by a 24-year-old adult male who was a drug abuser in July 2009. This incident aroused huge companionable concern towards this emerging trend which is originated from Japan. What is the situation in Hong Kong? This paper aims to study this problem by pointing out that negative family factors is an antecedents of enjo kosai girls in Hong Kong, as well as analyzing that these girls melt to be in the identity element diffusion status. Roles of social workers, plight they face and future invention strategies are also discussed.LITERATURE REVIEWBackground of Enjo KosaiEnjo Kosai, abbreviated as enko, which is translated in English as Compensated geolo gical dating or Subsidized Dating, is a term originated in Japan. Enjo means to assist and Kosai means dating. The term was first report in a Japan theme in September, 1994. With the spread of internet and cultural interf small-scale, it was soon creation prevalent in South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. At first, the definition meant teenage girls dating an sr. man for m unrivaledy or gifts, so as to assist them from loneliness. Teenage girls regarded it as a part-time job, and for some of the participants, stir became part of the process. With the addition of sex for pay, the meaning of this activity became unclear. Nowadays, enjo kosai has generally turned into teenage sex work.The major difference between with prostitution is that, prostitution is generally performed in a bordello or by arrangement of a third party, while in enjo kosai, the fact is girls can choose men. If a girl does not like a man when she first sees him, she can leave him. As they are not bounded by any co ntract, they can conduct enjo kosai only when they need superfluous money.Causes of Enjo KosaiAs suggested by Matsumoto (2002), in a survey by Asahi Shimbun in 1998, people where asked what they perceived to be the main contributing factors to this obvious social problem. The close to common response was that parents cannot discipline their children and society overemphasizes the desire of goods. Typically girls commit in enjo kosai spend the money on expensive brand-named goods or on activities with friends.Although monetary reward underlies each of enjo kosai girls, apparently there are several explanations for the reasons behind. According to a Japanese study as suggested by Wakabayashi (2003), Maruta (2001) analyse that there are three reasons why girls engage in enjo kosai 1) efficiency of making money, 2) sexual desire, and 3) psychological compensation. The ratio among these three categories was 316.For the reason of psychological compensation, Maruta analyzed that there are two subcategories 1) Girls are grown up in defective families and struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder or PSTD, which is a multidimensional effect of stress response syndromes. These girls have experienced some sort of trauma in their lives. This trauma might be physical, e.g., being raped or being physically abused by their parents or it might be emotional, e.g., experiencing their parents divorce. 2) Girls seek to gain sexual experience, affirm their own sexual attractiveness and are achievable to set a price for their bodies.Marutas analysis found there might be certain psychological connections between enjo kosai and the compensation for the neglect of love, loneliness and recent trauma experiences. Not surprisingly, other recent research found the same result. McCoy (2004) suggested that many teenage girls who engage in enjo kosai experience family dysfunction and a lack of communication with their parents, or they feel overprotected or stifled. They tend to be unable to exercise self-restraint, act impulsively and feel lonely.Research on Enjo Kosai in Hong KongAs enjo kosai is an emerging issue in Hong Kong, little formal research is done as it is a new research topic. A few local social service agencies conducted exploratory research. Some significant research include 1) An Exploratory Study of Enjo Kosai Girls in Hong Kong by Yang Memorial Methodist mixer Service (2008) This is one of the earliest comprehensive exploratory studies on the emergence of enjo kosai in Hong Kong. Information of enjo kosai websites and other internet sources were extensively analyzed and six enjo kosai girls were being interviewed. Causes, prevalence and opposition of enjo kosai were discussed.2) Adolescents Views on Enjo Kosai by Hong Kong Christian Service (2009) 3) Secondary Students Knowledge and Values of Enjo Kosai by Hong Kong Association of Sexuality Educators, Researchers Therapists (2009) They have done mistakable research on the causes of enj o kosai in Hong Kong, the value system of adolescents and their perception on this issue. Both studies suggested adolescents perceptions of the main reason that girls engage in enjo kosai is the efficiency of making money to buy branded products. These support the analysis of Kuruta (2001).4) Uncontrollable Desire of Consumerism? Rethinking the Problem of Enjo Kosai in Hong Kong by Office of Hon Cheung Kwok Che, Member of Legislative Council (Social Welfare Functional Constituency) Shiu, K. C. (2009) This study interviewed several enjo kosai girls and summarized disparate perspectives of viewing this problem in Hong Kong, including how society, police and the law treat enjo kosai. Social workers roles, positioning and intervention method were discussed.Negative Family FactorsResearchers have found parental and family descent relates to teenage girls sexual behavior, which applies to enjo kosai in this paper. Parental characteristics, family relationships, and attitudes, values a nd norms of family members also have been associated with adolescent sexual behaviors (Dorius et al., 1993). Adolescents from single-parent families have been shown to begin sexual intercourse at junior ages than those from two-parent families (Miller Bingham, 1989). Thornton and Camburn (1987) found that both parents and adolescents who have experienced divorce have more permissive attitudes about non-marital sexual intercourse.In addition, other than family factors that affect sexual behaviors, adolescents disclosure on their activities, i.e., communication with family also plays an important role in escalating and fostering enjo kosai activities. Dishion et al. (2004) suggested that monitoring is embedded within the parentchild relationship. Stoolmiller (1994) made a similar point that some teenagers actively avoid parental supervision, especially are disinclined to share information about their comings and goings and with whom they spend time. Both parents attempt and childre ns willingness to violate affect parents involvement in and influence on children (Dishion et al., 2004).Marcias Identity Statuses Identity DiffusionErikson (1950, 1968) suggested the descriptions of identity formation as a particularly adolescent activity. He grounded that adolescents need to confront the crisis of identity versus role confusion. Marcia (1966) extended Eriksons theory into a structured Identity Statuses by accessing individuals crisis and committedness. This includes 1) Identity masterment crisis leading to commitment 2) Foreclosure commitment without crisis 3) Moratorium crisis with no commitment yet 4) Identity Diffusion no commitment, no crisis.Marcia (1976) revealed that the Identity Diffusion individuals had in common a lack of direction and pop the question in their lives and a pervasive air of unconcern about the matter. Some individuals were drifting and some were distressed. They seemed to have jobs rather than occupations. They tended to be cont rolled largely by speedy environmental influences. Kroger (1993) suggested that parents of identity defused adolescents are more likely laissez-faire in child-rearing attitudes. They are rejecting or not available to children. The adolescents personalities tended to be with low levels of ego development, clean reasoning, cognitive complexity and self-certainly. They tended to have poor cooperative abilities.ANALYSIS DISCUSSIONNegative Family Factor as Antecedents of Enjo Kosai Activities in Hong KongFollowing Dishion et al (2004) s fundamental interaction effect between adolescents developing deviant friendships and parents disengaging from family management, this paper applies the argument to enjo kosai If a girl is involved in enjo kosai, her behavior will escalate under conditions of low parent monitoring, negative parent communication, and poor relationship quality. This interaction of family management degradation and enjo kosai involvement is also in line with Dishion et al .s premature autonomy hypothesis.though having a small sample size in Hong Kong, Yang Memorial Methodist Social Service (2008) found that all girls who engaged in enjo kosai they interviewed have a poor relationship with their families. They lacked communication with their parents and siblings, some were being abused and some parents were divorce. It is obvious that parental and family relationship strongly relates to enjo kosai activities in Hong Kong. Some interviewees agreed that their divorced family background might also foster them to involve in enjo kosai for psychological compensation of love and care.Identity Diffusion of Enjo Kosai Girls in Hong KongFrom the above literature, it is reviewed that girls who engaged in enjo kosai activities could be applied as in the Identity Diffusion status. Despite McCoy (2004) found that in Southeast Asia, some girls who engage in compensated dating were frequently from middle or upper-middle-class families and were commonly good student s and school leaders, while in Hong Kong, the situation is not the same. The few local studies suggested that enjo kosai girls in Hong Kong tend to have no commitment to schooling, education and have no seriously considered options of future career. Some of them treated enjo kosai as a part-time job. Their parents do not tend to discuss the future with these girls.The characteristics of Identity Diffusion adolescents also include high degree of anxiety and fluctuation in feelings about self and their superior characteristics. Yang Memorial Methodist Social Service (2008)s findings supported these. The girls they interviewed are distressed, anxious, uncertain about themselves when they were alone and psychologically empty. Abortion was also reported from some girls.Roles of Social Workers in Hong KongThe roles of social workers are controversial. Office of Hon. Cheung Shiu (2009) discussed extensively about the roles and ethical dilemma of social workers face when handling with enj o kosai cases. For example, 1) the dilemma between being answerable to the case owner (enjo kosai girl) versus being accountable to the school whether social workers should confidentially help the enjo kosai girls or they should report to the school principal once they receive a case and 2) the intervention of institutionalized life is good for all girls whether putting enjo kosai girls into girls home is advantageous regardless of their long-term identity and personality development as well as social network. Office of Hon. Cheung Shiu (2009) also argued that the role of social worker is more like police. They claimed that nowadays more social workers tend to report and publicize the case rather than focalization on confidentially due to social pressure. However, the intervention phase will be affected and might not be aiming at the biggest interest of the case owner.It is suggested a balance should be kept when facing the dilemma of confidentiality versus accountability. More a gencies could conduct research on this topic so that social workers will understand more on the reasons behind enjo kosai and to help these girls. More training to social workers could be provided on this topic and outreaching teams that focus on this target group could be formed.CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONSThis paper concluded that negative family factors are antecedents of enjo kosai girls in Hong Kong. It also discussed that these girls tend to be in the identity diffusion status. This would be useful for social workers, social service agencies, sociologists and the government to understand more about enjo kosai, the role of family factors as well as the girls psychological development.It is recommended that more comprehensive sex education shall be given in early and middle adolescence stage so as to build up and achieve youths positive identity. On the other hand, more aid shall be given to existing enjo kosai girls in Hong Kong by social workers with focused outreaching teams.

Types of Mitochondrial Diseases

Types of Mitochondrial DiseasesAbstractMitochondrion is the primary site of zip fastener and adenosine triphosphate generation so it is call(a)ed power contribute of the booth. Mitochondria argon composed of two different types of tissue layers like an outer tissue layer, an inner tissue layer and a protein-rich matrix. Protein kinases can localize to specific cytoplasmic sub compartments and mediates many another(prenominal) classical transites like cell motility and many sign of the zodiac eventidets. The mitochondrion is a point of integration for these signaling descend due to its role in cellular metabolism, redox processes, and cell survival-death. PI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB) ,Protein kinase C(PKC),Raf-MEK-ERK,JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPK, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1),Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3),Protein kinase A (PKA),PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) atomic number 18 associated with mitochondria and modulate mitochondrial attain mechanism and the rel ease of mitochondrial products affects mitochondrial respiratory chain, transport, fission- union events, calcium turnover, oxidizable oxygen species (ROS) merchandise, mitochondrial autophagy and apoptotic cell death. Mitochondrial diseases ar due to devolvement of the mitochondria in specialized compartments present in e very cell of the body. Mitochondria diseases wee-wees damage to cells of the brain, heart, liver, pointless muscles, kidney and the endocrine and respiratory systems. So this surveil focuse on various kinases associated with mitochondria, their role in progression of neurodegenerative diseases and treatment.Introduction1 MitochondriaMitochondrion is present in every eukaryotic cell having size range of 0.5 to 10 m in diameter (Munn et al., 1974). It is the primary site of energy and ATP production so it is called power house of the cell. Mitochondria ar composed of two different types of membranes like an outer membrane, an inner membrane and a protein-ric h matrix. The molecular machinery of chemiosmosis is associated with the inner membrane. Mitochondrial energy production is same in all cells but there are variations in baffle, connectivity, and membrane morphology (Munn et al., 1974, Fawcett et al., 1966). There might be changes in the energization state of the mitochondrial membrane integral to energy production (Green et al., 1973). Structural diversity and dynamics of mitochondria were studied with the help of light and electron microscopy and their relationship with other cellular components. This technique gives idea about changes in shape and structure of mitochondria during biological processes. Electron tomography shows re theoretical accounting of the inner membrane in the case of caspase-mediated cell death and cytochrome c release (Scorrano et al., 2002) and mitochondrial fragmentation (Sun et al., 2007). Cell controls the mitochondrial structure, its function and reception against various stimuli (Mannella et al., 2 006)1.1 StructureA mitochondrion has double layer structure composed of phospholipids and proteins (Munn et al., 2007). These two double membranes have five compartments like the outer membrane, the intermembrane distance ( between the outer and inner membranes), the inner membrane, the cristae formed by unfolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the matrix (space in the inner mitochondrial membrane).1.2 Inner Mitochondrial membraneThe inner membrane contains invaginations called cristae. The cristae are not random folds but these are small regions that open through narrow tube-shaped channels into the peripheral region of the membrane (Fig. 2) (Mannella et al., 2001).topographic analysis of intact, frozen-hydrated, rat liver mitochondria(Mannella et al., 2001) describes the inner diameter of the tubelike cristae junctions is 10-15 nm (Fig. 2).This is enough to pass metabolites and many soluble proteins and the inner membrane restrict inseparable diffusion rates. For exa mple, computer simulations indicate that the steady-state level of ADP inside cristae with long small junctions can drop below the Km for the adenine nucleotide translocator, conduct to a local drop in ATP generation. Like that truncated (t)-Bid-induced remodeling in the inner mitochondrial membrane of isolated mouse liver mitochondria (Fig. 2) causes mobilization of a large fraction of the internal pool of cytochrome c postulate to increased rates of reduction by the NADH cytochrome b5 redox system on the outer membrane of the organelle(Scorrano et al.,2002).The inner-membrane remodeling involves fivefold widening of the cristae and diffusion of cytochrome c between intracristal and peripheral (intermembrane) compartments. These shows that the topology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can have effect on mitochondrial functions by influencing the dynamics of diffusion of metabolites and soluble proteins between the internal compartments defined by this membrane (Mannella et al. , 1997).1.3 Mitochondrial Inner-membrane DynamicsIsolated mitochondria has two morphologic states, condensed and orthodox.Condence state is characterized by a contracted, very dense, matrix compartment and wide cristae while orthodox having an expanded, less(prenominal)-dense matrix and more compact cristae(Hackenbrock et al.,1966 ). Changes between these two morphological states has been detected in real time by light scattering or simply by adjusting the osmotic pressure of the external medium, causing water to flow into or out of the matrix. A two-sided condensed-to-orthodox transition also occurs during respiration when ADP is in excess amount and fully phosphorylated form (Hackenbrock et al., 1966).Electron micrograph shows changes in inner mitochondrial membrane as still unfolding and refolding of the inner membrane. 3D images of rat liver mitochondria obtain by electron tomography indicate that condensed rat liver mitochondria have large pleiomorphic cristae and duple junct ions to each other and to the peripheral region of the inner membrane, that is the region opposed to the outer membrane and the Orthodox rat liver mitochondria have cristae either tubular or flattened lamellae, both types usually having only one junction to the periphery of the inner membrane. For this to occur the inner mitochondrial membranes must undergo fusion and fission, with tubular forms merging into the larger cisternae during matrix condensation. Large lamellar compartment are formed via cristae fusion is strongly suggested by their appearance in tomograms of frozen-hydrated mitochondria (Fig. 2).so that the structural variations that mitochondria undergo in reply to osmotic and metabolic changes involve not only the contraction and dilation of the matrix and intracristal space but also by remodeling of the inner mitochondrial membrane. A review of mitochondrial morphologies associated with a variety of osmotic, metabolic, and disease states suggests that inner-membrane t opology represents a balance between fusion and fission, with defects (such(prenominal) as crista vesiculation) corresponding to an imbalance in this process (Mannella et al.,2006).1.4 Inner mitochondrial membrane proteinsMitochondrial proteins responsible for aid of normal cristae morphology and dynamics are also responsible for mediate inter mitochondrial fusion and organelle division since these processes involve fusion and fission of the inner as well as the outer membranes. For example, the dynamin-like GTPase called Mgm1p in yeast and OPA1 in mammalian cells is required for the fusion of mitochondria. Mutations in this protein cause a progressive, autosomal, dominant retinopathy, dominant optic atrophy (Alexander et al.,2000, Delettre et al.,2002) giving the physiological importance of mitochondrial dynamics. Another protein that directly influences inner-membrane topology is F1F0 ATP synthase. Mutations in subunits e or g of the F0 domain cause lateral dimerization and subse quent oligomerization of these inner membrane complexes and are associated with wrapped cristae lacking tubular junctions (Paumard et al., 2002). This also occurs with the down regulation of the protein mitofilin that regulate interactions of the ATP synthase (John et al., 2005). In ATP synthase dimers, close packing of the bulky extra membrane F1 domains causes the smaller, intramembrane F0 domains , which could induce local bending of the inner membrane.Mgm1/OPA1 has a chaperone-like function for subunit e of the ATP synthase. The loss of the function of Mgm1/OPA1 mutants inhibits ATP synthase dimer formation, which lead to the deficiency of normal tubular crista junctions in these mitochondria.2 Mitochondrial kinases trigger off protein kinases can localize to specific cytoplasm sub compartments and mediates many important processes like cell motility (Glading et al., 2001), and signaling endosomes may facilitate communication between neurons(Howe CL et al.,2004). Like hormone- o r increase factor-induce signaling cascades, recent advances in redox signaling tracts have very complex function. The mitochondrion is a point of integration for these redox signaling cascades due to its role in cellular metabolism, redox biochemistry, and survival-death decisions. Recent studies have demonstrated that certain components of protein kinase signaling cascades are specifically targeted to mitochondria, where they modulate mitochondrial natural process and the release of mitochondrial products that ultimately affect the entire cell.3 List of Mitochondrial kinasesPI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB)Protein kinase C(PKC)Raf-MEK-ERKJNK/SAPK and p38 MAPKApoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)Protein kinase A (PKA)PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)(1) PI3K/Akt/Protein Kinase B(PKB)The protein kinase B (serine/threonine kinase Akt) has a study role in cell proliferation and survival in many cells of the body. Akt is activated by phosphoinositide -dependent kinases to the plasma membrane by products of the type I phosphoinositide 3- kinase (Vanhaesebroeck et al., 2000). Antiapoptotic effects of nitrous oxide may be partially mediated by cGMPdependent energizing of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt (Ha KS et al., 2003). Inspite of direct effects of Akt in phospho-inactivating the proapoptotic protein BAD (Datta et al., 1997), Akt also activate Raf-1 in the mitochondria (Majewski et al., 1999) and cause case of proteins voluminous in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore(Nebigil et al.,2003). Akt can also having role in cell survival through regulation of forkhead transcription factors (Linseman et al., 2005).In Neuroblastoma and gentleman embryonic kidney cells, insulin-like growth factor 1 Cause rapid translocation of phospho-Akt into mitochondrial subcellular fractions (Bijur et al., 2003). This effect may be cell type specific, as Akt was not spy in mitochondria of mesangial cells stimulated by insulin-like g rowth factor 1(Kang et al.,2003).Activated mitochondrial Akt can also phosphorylate subunit of ATP synthase and of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) (Bijur et al., 2003). GSK3 has been localized by immunoelectron microscopy to the mitochondria, where it functions to phosphorylate and inhibit mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase suppleness (Hoshi M et al., 1996) and to promote apoptosis (Hetman et al., 2000).Akt can localize within the mitochondria rather than on its surface most commonly in the mitochondrial membrane fractions and to a lesser degree in the matrix (Bijur et al., 2003). It has pro survival role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. The antioxidant selenite has neuroprotective effects and increases AKT activation by PI3K (Wang et al., 2007). Inhibition of PI3K enhance RGCs survival upon axotomy, in a fashion that depended on the presence of local macrophages PI3K inhibition suppressed the neuroprotective effects of sodium Orthovanadate (Wu et al., 2006).(2) Protein kinase C (PKC)The protein kinase C (PKC) family consists of multiple isozymes with distinct distribution patterns in different tissues of the body (Dempsey et al., 2000). Extracellular ligand binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase or G protein-coupled receptor activates phospholipase C and produces inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Calcium released by IP3 causes PKC to bind to membranes, where DAG then activates PKC. Activated PKC phosphorylates many cellular targets, including c-Fos and NF-B. The isozymes of PKC differ not only in their localization but also in their responsiveness to IP3, DAG, and calcium. There are three subgroups of PKC isoforms, conventional, novel, and atypical, classified advertisement on the grounding of their responsiveness to these regulators (Parker et al., 2004). The and isoforms of PKC were found in a subset of mitochondria in carp retinal Mller cells (Fernandez et al., 1995)Immunoelectron microscopy studies showed that the kinase w as associated with the inner membrane and cristae. Researchers described that PKC isoforms play a direct role in regulating mitochondrial function. Activated PKC isoforms that translocate to the mitochondria are proapoptotic or inhibitory to mitochondrial function. For example, nephritic proximal tubular cells respond to oxidative mark by activated PKC to the mitochondria and inhibit the electron transport chain, ATP production, and Na+ transport by direct phosphorylation of Na+-K+-ATPase (Nowak et al., 2004). Treatment of various neoplastic cells with phorbol esters, H2O2, or anticancer agents such as cisplatin and etoposide causes accumulation of PKC to the mitochondria, with subsequent releases cytochrome c and induction of apoptosis (Majumder et al., 2000).In rat cardiac myocytes PKC was shown to move to the mitochondria in response to anaesthetic(a) exposure or ischemia/reperfusion. PKC then activate mitochondrial KATP channels, which then promote cardio tax shelter (Uecker et al., 2003). PKC also promotes cardioprotection following ischemia/reperfusion through a different mechanism, phosphorylating the electric potential dependent anion channel (VDAC) component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (Baines et al., 2003). This retains mitochondrial swelling, outer membrane rupture, release of apoptogenic factors, and decreases in ATP production. PKC and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) interact at the mitochondria to demob the proapoptotic protein BAD in cardiac myocytes (Baines et al., 2002). Inactivation of the proapoptotic protein Bax by PKC in prostate cancer cells renders these cells resistant to androgen-deprivation therapy (McJilton et al., 2003). PKC isoforms translocate from one cell compartment to another, these responses to PKC signaling may be mediated by association with specific anchoring scaffold proteins, RACKs (receptors for activated C kinase) and RICKs (receptors for inactive C kinase) (Mochly-Rosen et al ., 1998).(3) ERK-Raf-MEKThe extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) has a role in regulating the processes like proliferation, differentiation, adaptation (i.e., cell motility, long term potentiating), survival, and even cell death. ERK has been found in the mitochondria of neurons and non-neuronal cells such as in mouse heart, renal epithelial cells, outer membrane and the intermembrane space of rat brain mitochondria, mouse hippocampus, B65 cells, SH-SY5Y cells Leydig cells and gentle alveolar macrophages (Ruben K et al., 2009).The three-tiered ERK signaling involves sequential activation of Raf (MAPKKK), MEK1/2 (MAPKK), and ERK1/2 (MAPK). Depending on its intracellular localization and pathway of activation, Raf-1 can affect apoptosis by different mechanisms (Majewski et al.,1999, Alavi et al., 2003).ERK signaling can have opposite responses to injury even within the same cell type (Chu et al., 2004, Hetman et al., 2004). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondria l membrane permeation. Pharmacological inhibition of ERKs resulted in a reduction of cortical lesion volumes one calendar week after trauma (Mori et al., 2002). Intravenous administration of a specific inhibitor of MEKs after ischemia results in decrease of infarct volume (Namura et al., 2001).The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 plays an important role in targeting Raf-1 to the mitochondria, resulting in phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD, provides evidence for signaling roles for plasma membrane-targeted versus mitochondrially targeted Raf proteins (Wang et al., 1996). Signaling cascade consisting of Raf-1, MEK1, and the adapter protein Grb10 have been localized to mitochondrial membranes (Nantel et al., 1999). The antiapoptotic effects of mitochondrially localized Raf-1 are independent of ERK activity in myeloid cells (Majewski et al., 1999), and MEK/ERK signaling does mediate antiapoptotic effects of B-Raf in fibroblasts (Erhardt et al., 1999). Phosphorylation of S338 and S339 on R af-1 promotes mitochondrial translocation and protection of endothelial cells from the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, whereas Src cause phosphorylation of Y340 and Y341 and MEK/ERK activity are important for protection from death receptor-initiated cell death (Alavi et al., 2003).ERK can modulate mitochondrial functions and inhibition of MEK, those associated with cell death. For example, ERK signaling promotes mitochondrial ATP synthase function in glucose-deprived astrocytes (Yung et al., 2004), to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential and prevent cytochrome c release (Lee et al., 2004), and to inactivate the proapoptotic protein BAD (Jin et al., 2002). ERK has also role in promoting oxidative neuronal injuries (Chu et al., 2004) and in neurodegenerative diseases (Tobiume et al.,2002, Kulich et al.,2001) MEK/ERK promotes organophosphate induce mitochondrial vacuolation(Isobe et al., 2003), apoptotic translocation of Bax to the mitochondria(Isobe et al., 2003), and nonapoptoti c programmed cell death(Sperandio et al., 2004). As pro- and antiapoptotic effects of MEK/ ERK signaling could be mediated by downstream targets or at the transcriptional level (Bonni et al., 1999), these studies do not necessarily indicate mitochondrial targeting of ERK.Mitochondrial targeting of ERK signaling was first derived from biochemical subcellular fractional process studies. In renal tubular cells, both activated ERK1/2 and PKC are enriched in mitochondrial fractions during cisplatin injury, where they increase mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease oxidative phosphorylation, and increase caspase-3 activation and apoptosis (Nowak et al., 2002).ERK activity in phosphorylating both Bcl-2(Deng et al., 2000) and BAD (Kang et al., 2003) are associated with increased levels of activated ERK colocalizing or co-immunoprecipitating with the Bcl-2 family members in mitochondria.Immuno-electron microscopy studies shows presence of phosphorylated ERK1/2 within the mitochondrion (Z hu et al., 2003, Alonso et al., 2004). Phospho-ERK was found at high labeling densities within a subset of mitochondria in degenerating neurons from patients of Parkinsons disease and Lewy body dementia (Chu et al., 2003) and distinct granular cytoplasmic pattern of staining are not observed in control patients(Zhu et al., 2002).(4) JNK/SAPK and p38 MAPKThe p38 MAPKs and the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) / SAPK (stress-activated protein kinase) are of MAPK family membranes and involved in prodeath signaling (Matsuzawa et al., 2001). The p38 and JNK are activated by a MAP kinase (MKK), which is activated by a MAPKKK in response to a stimulus like oxidative stress, irradiation, or proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor .Role of p38 MAPK signaling in cell death includes translocation of proapoptotic Bax from cytosolic to mitochondrial compartments (Park et al., 2003 Shou et al., 2003), caspase-independent potassium efflux (Bossy-Wetzel et al., 2004), and transcriptiona l regulation of TR3, a steroid receptor-like protein that translocates from the nucleus to the mitochondria to initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway (Bossy-Wetzel et al., 2004). Irradiation causes translocation of both p38 and JNK1 to mitochondrial subcellular fractions (Epperly et al., 2002). The effects of JNK on the mitochondria involve stimulation of apoptosis. Treatment of isolated rat brain mitochondria with active JNK causes the inhibition of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and release of cytochrome c (Schroeder et al., 2003).The mitochondrial JNK is activated by oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes, and cause the release of cytochrome c lead to apoptosis (Aoki et al., 2002). Treatment with phorbol esters cause localization of JNK to the mitochondria in human being U-937 leukemia cells, where it binds to and inhibits Bcl-xL, promoting apoptosis (Kharbanda et al., 2000, Ito et al., 2001). Mitochondrial JNK can also cause the release of Smac, the activator of caspase that pr omotes caspase-9 activity (Chauhan et al., 2003).JNK also phosphorylates and oligomerize proapoptotic BAD (Bhakar et al., 2003). JNK signaling can yield cell survival under some conditions. JNK can inactivate the pro-apoptotic protein BAD (Yu C et al., 2004). Activated JNK phosphorylates Bcl-2 at Ser70 in the mitochondrial membranes of interleukin-3-dependent hematopoietic cells. This occurs under conditions of stress or by exposure to interleukin-3, resulting in enhanced antiapoptotic activity of Bcl-2(Deng et al., 2001). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mitochondrial membrane permeation. JNK3 (but not JNK1 nor JNK2) absence conferred significant neuroprotection to axotomized neurons. The absence of JNK3 (but not of JNK1 nor of JNK2) resulted in a substantial resistance against kainate-induced seizures, which correlated with improved survival (Brecht et al., 2005). Pharmacological JNK inhibitors diminished several(prenominal) manifestations of apoptosis and reduced infarct volume (Gao et al., 2005). Intravitreal administration of a p38MAPK inhibitor induced apoptosis (Kikuchi et al., 2000). Oral administration of a p38MAPK inhibitor during pre- and post-ischemia provided dose-dependent neuroprotective effects (Legos et al., 2001). Pharmacological inhibition of p38MAPK protects neurons from NO-mediated degeneration (Xu et al., 2006).(5) Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)All living systems are exposed to numerous physicochemical stressors, and appropriate responses to these stresses at the cellular level are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis. The mitogen-activated protein Kinase (MAPK) cascades are having major signaling pathways in regulation of these cellular stress responses (Kazuki et al., 2009). The MAPK pathway consists of a cascade of three protein kinases. These protein kinases are sequentially activated, such as the MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates the MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then phosphorylates and activates the MAPK.MAPKs have a wide variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. ASK1 identified as a member of the MAPKKK family and activate the MAPKK 4 (MKK4) JNK and MKK3/6-p38 pathways but not the MAP/ERK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway (Ichijo et al., 1997). Tumor necrosis factor- receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) having important role in the regulation of ASK1 activity. In TRAF family proteins, TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5 and TRAF6 are associate with ASK1, but only TRAF2, TRAF5 and TRAF6 increase ASK1 kinase activity (Nishitoh et al., 1998). TNF- treatment induces JNK activation in a TRAF2- dependent manner (Yeh et al., 1997, Tobiume et al., 2001). Phosphorylation of Thr845 in mouse ASK1 have role in activation of ASK1 (Tobiume et al., 2002).Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates ASK1 and involved in variety of neurodegenerative diseases (Lindholm et al., 2006). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mi tochondrial membrane permeation. Decreased activation of ASK1/JNK by the antioxidant selenite correlated with neuroprotective effects (Wang et al., 2007).(6) Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a constitutively active 47-kDa Ser/Thr protein kinase. It has about 40 substrates and having functions like cell proliferation, growth and death. GSK-3 has a significant role in the regulation of apoptosis. Apoptotic injury is increased by the over-expression of GSK-3 lead to cellular injury. During oxidative stress, GSK-3 can lead to the activation of caspase 3 and cytochrome c release ultimately lead to apoptosis. Mechanism of GSK-3 is phosphorylation at Ser and Tyr residues, complex formation with scaffold proteins, set of substrates and intracellular translocation. GSK-3 has been involved in serious diseases such as Alzheimers disease, bipolar mood disorder, cancer and ischemia/reperfusion injury (Tetsuji et al., 2009). It has Pro-apoptotic role in mit ochondrial membrane permeation. clinical dose of lithium inhibits GSK-3 resulted in significant axon sprouting and functional recovery (Dill et al., 2008).(7) Protein kinase A (PKA)The protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway involves responses to hormonal stimulation which are often cell type specific.The PKA pathway involves the binding of an extracellular molecule to a G protein-coupled receptor, which catalyzes the formation of intracellular cyclic AMP through the activation of adenylate cyclase.Cyclic AMP then binds to the two regulatory subunits of PKA, thereby releasing the two catalytic subunits to phosphorylate serine and threonine residues on target proteins.These subunits enter the nucleus and phosphorylate transcription factors such as CREB and NF-B. PKA signaling in specific subcellular compartments has been recognized with the discovery of specific anchoring scaffold proteins. PKA activity has been identified within the mitochondria in a wide variety of species, includ ing human (Kleitke et al., 1976).Mitochondrial targeted PKA activities have positive effects on the mitochondria. PKA localized to the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria phosphorylates and promotes the activity of complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) (Technikova-Dobrova et al., 2001).AKAP (A-kinase anchoring proteins)-mediate the activation of PKA to the cytoplasmic surface of mitochondria results in phospho-inhibition of the proapoptotic protein BAD, enhancing cell survival (Harada et al., 1999, Affaitati et al., 2003). A peripheral benzodiazepine receptor-associated protein functions as an AKAP that promotes mitochondrial steroid genesis (Liu et al., 2003).AKAP-121 can also function as targeting of Mn-superoxide dismutase mRNA to the mitochondria for localized translation of this important antioxidant (Ginsberg et al., 2003).The small G-protein Rab32, which regulates mitochondrial fission, appears to function as a mitochondrially targeted AKAP(Alto et al., 2002). Thus, mitochondr ial targeting of PKA appears to be involved in regulating most major mitochondrial functions, promoting respiration, antagonizing cell death, and regulating mitochondrial protein expression and biogenesis.(8) PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)PINK1 is a serine/threonine kinase having similarity to calcium/calmodulin regulated kinases. The primary sequence for PINK1 includes a canonical N-terminal mitochondrial leader sequence (Ruben K et al., 2009). PINK1 has been found in the mitochondria human brain and it is cleaved by matrix proteases. Transmembrane domain of PINK1 is responsible for its insertion in to outer mitochondrial membrane. The C-terminal domain of PINK1 having role of its auto phosphorylation (Liu et al., 2008). Point mutations and truncations of PINK 1 have been mapped throughout the transmembrane, kinase and C-terminal domains lead to impaired kinase activity and promote degradation, or induce misfolding of PINK1. The TNF receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1, or Hsp75) ar e substrate for PINK1, and the serine protease Omi/Htra2 and heat shock proteins, Hsp90/Cdc37 are PINK1 binding proteins. So degradation of PINK1 catalytic activity leads to disease like parkinsonian neurodegeneration (DeFeo et al., 1981).4 Human Diseases associated with Mitochondrial KinasesMitochondria are important because of the Respiratory chain which is the major sites of energy production in all cells (Taylor et al., 2005). Mitochondria perform many functions in different tissues and cells so there are so many different mitochondrial diseases associated with different tissues of the body. apiece disease produces abnormalities that are difficult to diagnose. There are complex relationship between the genes and cells that are responsible for maintaining our metabolic processes running smoothly it is a basis of mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial diseases is due to degeneration of the mitochondria in specialized compartments present in every cell of the body except RBC (red b lood cells).When mitochondria fail to generate energy, less energy is generated in the cell so cell injury and even cell death can occur. If this is repeated throughout the whole body, whole systems go to fail, and the life of the person is severely compromised. The disease affects more in children as compared to adult but onset is becoming more and more common. Mitochondria diseases causes damage to cells of the brain, heart, liver, skeletal muscles, kidney and the endocrine and respiratory systems.Kinases that are associated with mitochondria during neuronal injury include mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), protein kinase B/Akt, and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1). Their sites of action within mitochondria and specific kinase targets are still unclear but these signaling pathways regulate mitochondrial respiration, transport, fission-fusion, calcium buffering, reactive oxygen spec ies (ROS) production, mitochondrial autophagy and apoptotic cell death( Kachergus et al., 2005).5 List of mitochondrial kinases associated human diseasesA) Neurodegenerative diseasesParkinsons disease Alzheimers diseaseB) Cancer1 Parkinsons disease (PD)Parkinsons disease is a debilitating, movement disorder that affects around 1 million people in mating America.Symptoms Motor symptoms can be due to degeneration of endogenously pigmented midbrain neurons of the nigrostriatal projection. Olfactory, autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. Most of the cases have no known cause oxidative stress, disquiet protein handling/degradation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are mechanistically observed factors in sporadic PD due to toxin/pesticide exposures, and in models of familial PD (Ruben et al., 2009).Factors like Disturbances in mitochondrial function, transport, dynamics and turnover have central role in neurotoxin, environmental and genetic approaches to Parkinsons disease (Ruben et al., 20 09). In addition to changes in mitochondrial fission/fusion machinery and trafficking, autophagic degradation process has a critical role in regulating mitochondrial quality and content (Kiselyov et al., 2007). Macroautophagy has a role in membranous engulfment of cytoplasmic cargo bodies for lysosomal degradation, and this the major degradative pathway for organelles and insoluble proteins. There is deregulation of macroautophagy and of chaperone-mediated autophagy observed in toxin and genetic models of PD (Ruben et al., 2009).Gene multiplication and -synuclein mutations are autosomal dominant of PD in model of parkinsonian neurodegeneration (Polymeropoulos et al., 1997). Aggregation of -Synuclein, Lewy bodie formation and mutation in leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are found in the sporadic and dominant forms of PD (Kachergus et al., 2005). Parkin, ATP13A2, DJ1 and PTEN induced kinase 1(PINK 1) are involved in autosomal recessive Parkinsonism disease. PINK1 and Parkin regula tes mitochondrial morphology and turnover (Ruben et al., 2009).In human PD brain and diffuse Lewy body diseases, Phospho-ERK (p-ERK) in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of midbr