Discuss using named examples, the use of and applicability of Essay

Discuss using named examples, the use of and applicability of bio-indicator organisms in the environmental assessment of fres - testify ExampleAccording to Durranti, a bio- indicator is defined as a plant or animal species whose presence or absence gives information on the state of a given environment (Chu, Chanb and eats 2005). The Use and Applicability of Various Bio-Indicator Organisms in the Environmental Assessment of Freshwater and Marine Systems There equal several bio-indicators that have been applied to measure the health status of freshwater and marine environments. To begin with, chin up argues that by identifying the attr dynamic of animal species present in a given water body, biologists ar subject to analyze the quality of water in that water body (Chin 2006). For instance, the presence of some carnivore fish species office suggest a higher quality of water compared to a water body dominated primarily by omnivores. A healthy water body supports life for many m icro-organisms that are predated upon by the carnivore fish. For many years, fish have been used to indicate the quality of water bodies. This has been accomplished through determining the kind of fish that live in a given water body, measuring alterations in fish species report card and species proportion (Jackson 2001). Changes in fish length and tropic take can as well be used in determining the health of aquatic environment. ... From the experiment, it was established that samples from the lake had a high number of comets and in general in second and third classes. Thus the results suggested that Lake Igapo is an aquatic environment that was characterized by a high direct of genotoxicity and other pollutants. In Izmir Bay of Mediterranean (in Western Turkey), fish are used to determine the level of water pollution in the sea (Gonenc 1999). Izmir is an industrial and commercial centre. The presence of metals such as mite and zinc in freshwater and marine environments can be indirectly measured using inorganic acids, such as sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid (Turner and Tessier1995). These acids are applied on intestinal specimens of contrary fish species. If the above metals are present, the acids react with the specimens to form oxides. Bonnan notes that some aquatic pollutants might remain active for many years and through several generations. Examples include mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds (Farris, J. et al 1993). Genotoxicity biomarkers can be applied in sentry organisms to enhance the identification and assessment of mutagenic hazards and their sources. One of the most desirable methods of identifying the response of organisms to such contaminants is by use of micronucleus (MN) test. This can be used as an index of the come in genetic damage of cells during the lifespan of an organism. Fish and bivalves have been the main target for such experiments. Gill and haemocyte cells are the commonly used tissues. Due to rising carbon dioxide c oncentration s in the 21 century, the sullenness of sea water has increased as well. Consequently, global temperatures have been driven up, including